Knowledge Base

To identify a property type for a fire risk assessment, you should first gather information about the building or structure in question. The type of property is a crucial factor in determining the specific fire hazards, prevention measures, and safety requirements that apply. Here’s a step-by-step process to help you identify the property type:

1. Determine the building’s usage: Understanding the primary purpose of the building is key. Some common categories include residential, commercial, industrial, educational, or healthcare. Buildings can also have mixed-use, with various functions in different parts of the building.
2. Investigate the building’s size and layout: Take note of the number of floors, total area, and layout of the building. High-rise buildings, for example, pose different fire safety challenges than single-story structures.
3. Check the construction materials: Identify the materials used for the building’s construction, such as wood, concrete, or steel. Each material has its own fire resistance properties and implications for fire risk assessment.
4. Assess occupancy: Determine the maximum number of occupants in the building and their specific needs. Vulnerable populations, such as the elderly or disabled, may require additional fire safety considerations.
5. Identify fire load: Evaluate the combustible materials present in the building, including furnishings, contents, and building components. The fire load will influence the potential severity and spread of a fire.
6. Review existing fire safety systems: Examine the building’s current fire safety systems, such as alarms, sprinklers, and emergency lighting. The presence and condition of these systems will influence the fire risk assessment.
7. Evaluate the building’s age and history: Older buildings may not have been constructed to the same fire safety standards as newer ones. Research any previous incidents or fire-related issues to inform your assessment.
8. Consult local regulations and guidelines: Check your local fire safety regulations, codes, and guidelines to see if specific property type classifications or requirements apply to the building.

By following these steps, you can accurately identify the property type for your fire risk assessment. Once you clearly understand the property type, you can proceed with the assessment, considering the unique hazards, preventative measures, and safety requirements associated with that specific building or structure.

A fire risk assessment is essential for ensuring the safety of occupants and minimizing the potential for fire-related damage. Many types of buildings require a fire risk assessment, some of which include:

1. Residential buildings:
   • Single-family homes
   • Apartment complexes
   • Condominiums
   • Dormitories
   • Assisted living facilities
   • Hotels and hostels
2. Commercial buildings:
   • Offices
   • Retail stores and shopping centers
   • Restaurants and cafes
   • Warehouses and storage facilities
   • Banks and financial institutions
   • Gyms and sports centres
3. Industrial buildings:
   • Factories and manufacturing plants
   • Processing and chemical plants
   • Power plants
   • Workshops and garages
   • Agricultural facilities
4. Educational buildings:
   • Schools (nurseries, primary schools, secondary schools)
   • Colleges and universities
   • Libraries
   • Research and training centres
5. Healthcare buildings:
   • Hospitals and clinics
   • Nursing homes
   • Medical laboratories
   • Rehabilitation centres
6. Public buildings:
   • Government buildings
   • Community centres
   • Museums and galleries
   • Theatres and cinemas
   • Religious buildings (churches, mosques, synagogues, etc.)
7. Transportation hubs:
   • Airports and train stations
   • Bus and coach stations
   • Parking garages
8. Recreational facilities:
   • Amusement parks
   • Swimming pools
   • Stadiums and arenas
9. Mixed-use buildings:
   • Buildings containing combinations of residential, commercial, and/or other purposes.

It’s important to note that each building type may have specific fire safety requirements and guidelines, depending on the local regulations and codes. A fire risk assessment should be conducted periodically or after significant building changes or use changes to ensure continued compliance with fire safety standards.

Assessing a building’s environment is crucial to conducting a fire risk assessment because it helps identify potential fire hazards, vulnerable areas, and the necessary measures to mitigate those risks. Understanding the building’s environment can influence fire prevention strategies and emergency response effectiveness. Here are several reasons why assessing the environment is important for a fire risk assessment:

1. Identifying external hazards: The building’s surroundings may have potential fire hazards, such as nearby industrial facilities, forests prone to wildfires, or high-traffic roads with a higher risk of vehicular accidents. Being aware of these external hazards can help you prepare for and prevent fire-related incidents.
2. Recognizing building-specific risks: Different building environments have unique fire risks, such as electrical hazards in data centres, flammable materials in chemical plants, or high occupancy levels in commercial buildings. Identifying these risks helps determine appropriate fire safety measures, such as installing adequate fire detection and suppression systems.
3. Evaluating accessibility for emergency services: The building’s environment can impact the accessibility of emergency responders. Factors like narrow streets, limited access points, or remote locations can make it difficult for firefighters to quickly reach the scene, which could affect the severity and outcome of a fire incident.
4. Assessing evacuation routes and assembly points: The environment surrounding the building plays a role in determining safe evacuation routes and assembly points. You must ensure these areas are clear of obstacles, easy to access, and away from potential hazards like fuel storage or high-traffic roads.
5. Climate and weather considerations: Local climate and weather conditions can impact fire risk and behaviour. For example, dry and windy conditions can increase the likelihood of a wildfire spreading rapidly, while heavy snow or rain might obstruct evacuation routes or impede emergency response.
6. Evaluating community resources: Understanding the local community’s resources, such as nearby fire stations, emergency medical services, or volunteer fire departments, can help you plan for a coordinated response in case of a fire incident.
7. Complying with local regulations and codes: Local regulations and building codes may have specific requirements based on the building’s environment, such as additional fire safety measures for high-rise buildings or structures in wildfire-prone areas. Assessing the environment ensures compliance with these regulations.

By assessing a building’s environment during a fire risk assessment, you can understand the potential hazards, risks, and appropriate measures to ensure the safety of occupants and minimize property damage. This holistic approach contributes to a more effective fire prevention and emergency response strategy.

Slate Roofing

Roofing slates are slate stone slabs that are used as roofing tiles. They are the mainstay of the slate industry.

Natural slate is one of today’s most heat-resistant building materials. It offers the best protection against the spread of fire and toxic smoke as a fire-safe roofing and cladding material.

Flat Roofing

In contrast to the various sloped roofs, a flat roof is nearly level. The pitch of a roof is properly known as its slope, and flat roofs can have up to 10°.   Flat roofs are an ancient design that allows the roof space to be used as a living space or a living roof. Flat or “low-slope” roofs are common in commercial buildings. According to the National Roofing Contractors Association, a low-slope roof has a 3 in 12 (1:4) or less slope.

Bitumen Roofing

Bitumen is made of asphalt mixed with polymerized rubber or plastic, which is then reinforced with fibreglass to form a tough-yet-flexible waterproof membrane. Modified bitumen roofing is most commonly found on flat or low-slope commercial roofs.

Is bitumen roofing flammable?

Yes, bitumen is flammable. Bitumen is a highly viscous and dense liquid that is commonly used in road construction and roofing. Although bitumen itself does not easily catch fire, it can burn when exposed to high temperatures or flames. Therefore, it is important to handle bitumen with care and to avoid exposing it to heat sources or open flames.

When standard bitumen-based roofing membranes catch fire, they emit dense black smoke.

Thatch Roofing

Water Reed, Combed Wheat Reed, and Longstraw are the three main thatching materials used on roofs, but other materials are also used. These differ in terms of application, style, and longevity. Thatch is a low-maintenance building material.

Thatched roofs are more prone to fire than any other type of roofing. Chimneys and modern appliances are responsible for approximately 90% of thatch fires. Because dry reeds and grass are extremely flammable, a fire on a thatch roof spreads quickly.

Sedum roofing

Sedum roof definition – A sedum roof is a living green roof.

A layer of vegetation (living plants) is placed on the green roof. It provides numerous advantages to both the building and the environment. Most plants on a sedum roof are low-growing succulents from the sedum, or stonecrop, family.

Do floors require that they be fire-resistant?

The building code stipulates that control area floor assemblies and all supporting construction extending to the building’s foundation must have a 2-hour fire rating.

Flooring Types:

Concrete Flooring

Concrete is one of the most resistant building materials to heat and fire. This fire resistance provides safety benefits on homes constructed with concrete walls. Concrete does not burn; unlike other building materials, it cannot be “set on fire,” and it does not emit toxic fumes when exposed to fire. In addition, it will not produce smoke or drip molten particles, unlike most plastics and metals.

Wooden flooring

Wooden flooring is any manufactured timber product intended for use as flooring, whether for structural or aesthetic purposes. Wood is a popular choice for flooring and is available in various styles, colours, cuts, and species. Bamboo flooring is frequently mistaken for wood flooring, despite being made from bamboo rather than wood.

What’s the difference between laminate and wood flooring?

Hardwood flooring is made entirely of wood, whereas laminate flooring comprises fiberboard with a photo printed on top. The layers are bonded beneath a transparent protective layer, providing additional durability and moisture protection.

Beam & Block

Beam and block is a construction method for supporting flooring, particularly for ground floors and multi-story buildings. One piece is a prestressed concrete beam, an inverted T-shaped beam or lintel, and the other is a simple rectangular block. The beams are spaced evenly apart, and the blocks are placed between them. They serve as a base for the following layer of flooring materials.

Fibreglass Flooring

Due to its easier loose-lay installation, fibreglass flooring is currently the most popular type of sheet vinyl flooring. It can be installed with releasable adhesive or without any adhesive, making it simple to repair if the floor is damaged.

Fibreglass materials are noncombustible and remain so throughout the product’s lifetime. They do not require additional fire-retardant chemical treatments; unfaced fibreglass and mineral wool are acceptable as fire blocks in wood frames.

Decking

In architecture, a deck is a flat, load-bearing surface similar to a floor but typically built outdoors, frequently elevated from the ground, and typically attached to a building. The term is a generalisation of the ship’s deck. A level architectural deck may be intended for human use, such as what is commonly known as a decked patio in the United Kingdom. The term “roof deck” refers to the flat layer of construction materials to which the weather-resistant layers of a roof are attached. It is referred to as the “roof deck,” and it may be level (for a “flat” rooftop) or sloped.

Is wooden or composite decking fireproof?

It is critical to understand that no wood or composite decking is completely fireproof. However, fire-rated decking options are available with specific certifications, making them a better choice for homes in fire zones.

Most of the UK’s general public has no idea how walls are built. Walls in the United Kingdom appear uniform in most places nationwide, making it easy to misidentify the wall construction type. Here you will find how to identify wall types.

Solid Brick Walls

Masonry represents one of the most distinctive forms of construction found in the United Kingdom. In England, houses constructed before the 1930s and during the Victorian and Georgian eras typically have solid brick walls. The typical thickness of a solid brick wall is 215 millimetres, the length of a standard brick. Typically, the bricks’ long and short faces or “header” will be visible in this type of wall. This makes it easy to distinguish from cavity walls, which only display the bricks’ long faces.

Cavity Walls

It is relatively simple to identify a cavity wall because the bricks are ordinarily laid lengthwise and orderly. This type of wall consists of two separate components: an outer masonry skin that is one brick thick (102.5 mm) and an inner masonry skin separated from the exterior by a small gap (50mm). Wall ties connect the two leaves to increase their strength. As its name implies, the cavity is a barrier against moisture intrusion and insulating space.

Cob wall construction

Cob is an exceptionally durable material composed of clay, sand, straw, and water. Cob has the advantages of being fireproof, resistant to seismic activity, and made from inexpensive materials.

Concrete/prefabricated walls

Concrete walls are a timeless and cost-effective alternative to more conventional building materials. Modern construction techniques have enabled the creation of various types of concrete walls.

Insulated concrete wall panels are functional and suitable for quick installations and adaptable design concepts. This type of wall has numerous advantages, one of which is its superior thermal efficiency. They may reach a maximum height of 3.5 metres and a maximum thickness of 300 millimetres.

Timber frame construction

The timber frame is one of the earliest types of wall construction. This type of construction provides superior thermal and acoustic insulation.

The timber-only structures’ walls, floors, and roofs will be engineered as a single, seamless unit.

Depending on timber prices, constructing a building entirely from wood can be a time- and money-saving and cost-effective option. However, timber-framed buildings are susceptible to insect infestations, rot, and poor fire resistance.

Numerous historic towns and cities in England were constructed with timber frames. 100mm x 50mm is the most common thickness for timbers used in a timber-frame partition wall.

Steel frame construction

Steel framing is a construction method that uses a “skeleton frame” of horizontal steel beams and vertical steel columns to support the structure’s walls, floors, and roof. The exterior panels are rendered or clad and attached to the steel frame.

Steel frames are frequently used in modern residential and commercial construction because they are durable. 

Steel is non-combustible and does not contribute to the building’s fire load. Internal lining boards, such as gypsum-based boards, typically provide fire protection for light steel framing. Fire resistance times of up to 120 minutes are easily attained.

Facade Cladding

This facade system is a cladding system with a ventilated chamber between the cladding and the insulation, preventing thermal bridging and condensation. This results in excellent thermal behaviour and reduced humidity.

UPVC Windows

UPVC (unplasticised polyvinyl chloride) is a high-strength, low-maintenance, lightweight plastic building material. 

UPVC windows are a type of window made of uPVC. Because of their modern and thermally efficient credentials, they have become a popular material for windows – appealing to homeowners because it is affordable, low-maintenance, and a fantastic insulator. Design advancements have also meant that uPVC windows can look just as warm as wood and come in various colours and finishes to perfectly match many different types of homes – old or new.

Is UPVC fire-resistant?

Fire tests have demonstrated that uPVC is naturally flame retardant and will not start, support, or encourage fires. This means you can be confident that they will not hasten the spread of flames in the event of a fire. This is because PVC contains chlorine, which acts as a fire retardant.

Aluminium Windows

Two or three glass packages are vitrified between two aluminium profiles coated with a protective layer to create aluminium windows. Aluminium windows can be anodized or painted with powder paint in all RAL colours; they can also be coated with various clear coats that imitate wood grain.

Is aluminium fire-resistant?

Aluminium is non-combustible and has a melting temperature of approximately 660 °C. Aluminium loses strength at higher temperatures than steel, but some properties can help in a fire.

Wooden Windows

Wooden windows typically have a wooden interior (typically pine or Douglas Fir). Exteriors are clad in extruded aluminium, PVC, or fibreglass over wood.

Are wooden windows fireproof?

Wooden windows are not inherently fireproof. Wood is a combustible material, which means that it can catch fire and burn. However, the level of fire resistance of wooden windows can vary depending on factors such as the type of wood, the thickness of the wood, and any treatments or coatings applied to the wood.

There are treatments and coatings available that can increase the fire resistance of wooden windows. For example, fire retardant chemicals can be added to the wood to slow down or prevent the spread of fire. Additionally, some manufacturers offer fire-resistant glazing options for windows.

It is important to note that wooden windows may still be vulnerable to fire even with these treatments and coatings. In the event of a fire, it is important to follow proper safety procedures and evacuation protocols and to ensure that your home has functioning smoke detectors and fire extinguishers.

Fire Rated Electrical Protection Units

Electrical Protection Units are intended to safeguard consumer units, fuse boxes, and switch boxes along escape routes such as staircases or corridors.

If the electrics overheat, these units protect the escape routes. In a fire, the intumescent lining expands, safely sealing off the unit and preventing air from entering the cover, suffocating any fire.

These enclosures, available in aluminium or stainless steel, are fully flame retardant and provide excellent protection for your equipment even in the most hazardous conditions.

What is a fire-rated consumer unit?

The unit is designed to extinguish fires in its early stages, which means that in many cases, the consumer unit and wiring will sustain only minor damage and will not need to be replaced.

Fire Rated Enclosures

Fire-rated enclosures are constructed to fulfil the requirements for building fire safety, above and below ground, rail applications, road tunnels, and other public places where electricity supply, emergency lighting, and public address systems must be fully functional in the event of a fire.

Fire Board Encasement Systems

Fireboard encasement systems are an effective passive fire protection alternative for steel-framed structures where intumescent or cementitious coatings are inappropriate. Installing fire-rated boards provides a durable, smooth, and ready-to-finish surface; however, fire-stopping and resistance properties are achieved without applying an additional coating to the fireboard encasement system.

What is fire-rated glass?

In reality, the majority of glass provides little or no fire protection. For instance, standard window glass will shatter at approximately 250 degrees Fahrenheit. Tempered glass can withstand temperatures up to approximately 500 degrees Fahrenheit. In contrast, fire-resistant glass can typically withstand temperatures exceeding 1,600° F.

Fire-rated glass is specialised glass designed and tested to provide a specific level of fire protection during a fire. It is also known as fire-resistant glass or fire-protective glass.

During a fire resistance test, the glass is subjected to high levels of heat and flame for a specified period, and its ability to resist the spread of fire and smoke is evaluated. Fire-rated glass is typically used in buildings and structures with fire risks, such as stairwells, elevators, and escape routes. It can also be used in areas where fire protection is required by building codes or regulations.

Fire-rated glass is typically made by combining multiple layers of glass with fire-resistant materials, such as intumescent interlayers or ceramic glazing. These materials help to prevent the glass from shattering or breaking apart during a fire, which can help to contain the fire and prevent it from spreading to other areas of the building.

Overall, fire-rated glass is an essential component of fire safety in buildings and can help to protect people and property in the event of a fire.

The Regulatory Reform Order 2005 (RRO) is a piece of legislation in the United Kingdom that aims to simplify and improve the regulatory system by consolidating and streamlining various pieces of legislation related to health and safety regulations. The RRO came into force on April 1, 2006, and has since been a significant part of the UK regulatory landscape.

The RRO is based on the principle that regulations should be proportionate, transparent, and consistent. It emphasizes the importance of consultation with stakeholders and the need to consider the impact of regulations on businesses and individuals. The RRO aims to reduce bureaucracy and improve the effectiveness of regulations by promoting a risk-based approach to regulatory decision-making.

One of the most significant outcomes of the RRO was the creation of the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005. This order replaced over 70 pieces of previous fire safety legislation and introduced a risk-based approach to fire safety. The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 applies to all non-domestic premises, including offices, shops, factories, and warehouses, and requires that fire risk assessments be conducted on a regular basis.

The order places responsibility for fire safety on the “responsible person” in each premise, who must ensure that appropriate measures are taken to reduce the risk of fire and to protect the safety of occupants. The responsible person may be the employer, the owner, or the occupier of the premises.

The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 also requires appropriate fire safety measures, such as fire alarms, extinguishers, and emergency lighting. The order also sets out requirements for the maintenance and testing of fire safety equipment.

In addition to the creation of the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005, the RRO also created the Regulatory Reform (Business Tenancies) (England and Wales) Order 2003. This order simplified the process of granting new tenancies to businesses in England and Wales by reducing bureaucracy and making it easier to negotiate lease terms.

The RRO has had a significant impact on the UK regulatory landscape, particularly in the areas of fire safety and business tenancies. The order has led to a more streamlined and effective regulatory system, focusing more on risk-based decision-making and stakeholder consultation.

What exactly is the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005?

You must follow fire safety regulations if you own, manage, or operate a business. The main law is the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 or “the Fire Safety Order”. It is applicable throughout England and Wales and went into effect on October 1, 2006.

Who is it intended for?

Except for individual private homes – individual flats in a block or family homes, the Order applies to almost all buildings, places, and structures.

The Order also applies to shared areas in houses in multiple occupations (HMOs), blocks of flats, and maisonettes.

What exactly are your responsibilities?

You must ensure that:

• Your premises meet the necessary standards.
• Employees receive adequate fire safety training.

In practice, what does ‘adequate fire safety training’ entail?

It varies depending on the business but generally includes the following:

• Induction training will cover general fire safety.
• Periodic refresher training is recommended, as is additional training if the level of fire risk increases due to changes in your operations.
• Training to assist people in carrying out their fire safety responsibilities, such as keeping your responsible people up to date.
• Training in fire risk assessment, fire wardens, and fire extinguishers.

What about risk assessments for fires?

A detailed assessment identifying the risks and hazards in commercial premises is required. If you are legally responsible for the premises, you must ensure that a competent person has completed a Fire Risk Assessment. Furthermore, if you have five or more employees or if your business is licenced under current legislation, your Fire Risk Assessment must be documented.

The person in charge of the premises is also required to:

• Consider who may be especially vulnerable.
• As much as possible, eliminate or reduce the risk of fire.
• To deal with any risk, provide general fire precautions.
• Take extra precautions to ensure fire safety where flammable or explosive materials are used or stored.
• Make a plan to deal with any emergency and, if necessary, document any findings.
• Maintain general fire precautions and facilities available to firefighters.
• Keep any risk assessment findings under review.

PAS 79 is a publicly available specification for assessing fire risk in buildings. It was first published by the British Standards Institution (BSI) in 2005 and has been updated several times.

PAS 79 provides a consistent and structured approach to assessing building fire risk so that building owners, managers, and occupiers can take appropriate measures to prevent or mitigate the fire risk. The PAS 79 methodology involves a systematic assessment of a building’s fire hazards, the potential consequences of a fire, and the adequacy of existing fire safety measures.

PAS 79 is divided into two parts: Part 1 provides guidance on the process of assessing fire risk, including the identification of fire hazards, the evaluation of the likelihood and potential impact of a fire, and the development of a fire safety plan. Part 2 provides specific guidance for different types of buildings, such as offices, residential buildings, and industrial premises.

PAS 79 is widely used by UK fire safety professionals, building owners, and managers as a framework for assessing and managing fire risk. It is also recognized internationally as a best practice approach to fire risk assessment.

The Fire Safety Act 2021 is a piece of legislation introduced in the United Kingdom to improve building fire safety. It was founded in the aftermath of the Grenfell Tower fire in 2017, which tragically claimed the lives of 72 people. The act clarifies building owners’ and managers’ responsibilities to ensure their buildings are fire-safe, giving fire and rescue services more authority to intervene when necessary.

Building owners and managers are legally obligated under the Fire Safety Act 2021 to assess and manage the fire risk within their premises and take appropriate measures to prevent fires from starting or spreading. This includes ensuring that building materials are fire-resistant, fire safety equipment is properly maintained and tested, and evacuation plans are in place and effectively communicated to all occupants.

The Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022 were introduced to provide more detailed guidance on implementing the Fire Safety Act 2021 in practice. The regulations apply to all non-domestic premises in England, including offices, shops, factories, warehouses, and residential building communal areas. They specify specific requirements for fire risk assessments, building construction, and fire safety equipment such as sprinklers and fire alarms.

The regulations require building owners and managers to appoint a “Responsible Person” who will ensure that the requirements of the act and regulations are met. This individual must be competent and have the necessary training and resources to carry out their responsibilities effectively.

The Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022 impose specific responsibilities on various parties in relation to fire safety. These responsibilities include:

Responsible Person: The regulations require a “Responsible Person” to be appointed for each building. The Responsible Person ensures that fire risk assessments are carried out, fire safety measures are implemented, and regular checks are conducted.

Fire Risk Assessment: The Responsible Person is responsible for ensuring a suitable and sufficient fire risk assessment for the building. The assessment must identify potential fire hazards, evaluate the risks associated with those hazards, and identify appropriate measures to reduce the risks.

Fire Safety Measures: The Responsible Person must ensure appropriate fire safety measures are in place based on the fire risk assessment findings. This may include measures such as fire alarms, fire extinguishers, emergency lighting, and fire doors.

Information, Instruction and Training: The Responsible Person must ensure that all building occupants receive adequate information, instruction and training on fire safety, including what to do in the event of a fire.

Cooperation and Coordination: The regulations require cooperation and coordination between the Responsible Person and any other parties involved in the management or operation of the building, such as landlords, tenants, and contractors.

Record Keeping: The Responsible Person must keep records of fire risk assessments, fire safety measures, and any incidents or tests related to fire safety.

Overall, the Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022 aim to ensure that all buildings in England are safe from the risk of fire and that everyone in the building is aware of what to do in the event of a fire. By imposing clear responsibilities on various parties, the regulations help to promote good fire safety practices and reduce the risk of fire-related accidents and injuries.

Find out what your responsibilities are under the Fire Safety (England) Regulations (hereafter referred to as “the Regulations”) if you are a Responsible Person whose duties are imposed by the Regulations. The Regulations go into effect on January 23, 2023. These Regulations supplement the duties imposed by the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005. (as amended).

Who is this advice intended for?

This guidance is intended for those who are subject to the Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022 (“the Regulations”). You will have such responsibilities if you are a “Responsible Person” (or a person who has some responsibilities) under the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 (“the Fire Safety Order”), on whom the Fire Safety Order imposes various duties in relation to fire safety in a residential building, such as a block of flats or student accommodation.

The History of the Fire Safety (England) Regulations

A tragic fire in 2017 at Grenfell Tower, a high-rise block in West London, killed 72 residents, the most serious loss of life in a single fire in the UK since World War 2. The government immediately launched an investigation into the fire.

The Grenfell Tower Inquiry published the findings of Phase 1 of the Inquiry in October 2019. Many important recommendations were included in the findings to prevent such a tragedy from happening again. In principle, the government agreed to enact new regulations to implement the recommendations. The Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022 replace the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 and extend duties imposed by it.

Which buildings are subject to the Fire Safety (England) Regulations?

These Regulations apply to all buildings in England with two or more domestic premises (including the residential parts of mixed-use buildings), but there are additional requirements based on height, as explained in this guide. These structures are primarily blocks of flats (whether purpose-built or converted from another type of structure, such as a house or office building), but they also include blocks used for student housing.

The Regulations apply whether the flats are subject to a long (e.g., 99-year) lease or are rented and whether the flats are used to house the general public or a specific group of people (as in the case of, for example, sheltered housing for older people).

If you are responsible for any building, the Fire Safety (England) Regulations impose duties on you.

contains two or more sets of domestic premises contains common parts through which residents would need to evacuate if an emergency occurred

The Regulations apply to the following:

Parts of the building that are used in common by the residents of two or more domestic premises (e.g. communal corridors and stairways)

Flat entry doors

The walls and floors that separate any domestic premises from other domestic premises, plant rooms, etc., or from parts of the building that are shared by the occupants of two or more domestic premises, plant rooms and other non-domestic areas of the building, such as tenant halls, offices, laundries, gymnasia, and commercial premises (e.g. balconies).

The Regulations do not apply within individual flats, except for measures installed within flats for the safety of other building residents (e.g. sprinklers, smoke detectors connected to a communal fire alarm system, etc.).

The same enforcing authority that enforces the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 enforces the Regulations. This is almost always the local fire and rescue authority in the case of a block of flats.

Do the Regulations only apply to residential high-rise buildings?

The sections that follow begin with general requirements for all residential buildings. Then some requirements only apply to buildings taller than 11 metres. Finally, the guidance establishes requirements only applicable to high-rise residential buildings. The section headings indicate whether the section applies to all residential buildings, buildings taller than 11 metres, or high-rise residential buildings.

Because Grenfell Tower was a high-rise building, much of the Public Inquiry’s recommendations focused on ensuring residents’ safety in high-rise blocks of flats. On the other hand, the government is determined to ensure that residents of all residential buildings are as safe from fire as possible and feel safe from fire.

What exactly is a high-rise residential structure?

A residential building is considered high-rise for the purposes of the Regulations if either of the following conditions is met:

The building is at least 18 metres above ground level, measured from the lowest ground level adjacent to the outside of the building to the height of the floor in the top storey (ignoring any top storey containing only plant or machinery); or the building has seven or more storeys (excluding any storeys below ground level).

A mezzanine floor is considered a storey if its floor area is at least 50% of the floor area of the building’s largest storey that is not below ground level.

Persons in Charge

The definition of a Responsible Person in the context of both the Order and the Fire Safety (England) Regulations is defined by the Fire Safety Order.

Because the term “Responsible Person” has a legal definition, building owners, enforcement authorities, or others cannot choose to “make” someone the Responsible Person, nor can the responsibility for compliance with the Fire Safety Order or the Fire Safety (England) Regulations be delegated to others (though the Responsible Person will normally need to engage other parties, such as contractors, to assist them in compliance).

Duties may also fall on individuals other than the Responsible Person in certain circumstances if any of the requirements of the Fire Safety Order relate to matters within their control. In such cases, the Responsible Person will continue to perform their duties under the Fire Safety Order.

For all practical purposes, the Responsible Person, in the case of a block of flats, will have control of the premises in connection with carrying on a business. This is usually the block’s freeholder, managing agents, or a residents’ management company.

If any part of the building is a workplace, the person who employs the people in that workplace is a Responsible Person. This can happen if a concierge is employed or if parts of the building are used for commercial purposes.

As a result, there may be instances where more than one Responsible Person exists within the same building. However, even in these circumstances, overall building control most commonly rests with the freeholder, managing agents or a residents’ management company.

The term “Person” can cause some confusion because it is commonly assumed that the “Responsible Person” is a living individual (or what is referred to as a “natural person” in law). However, the Responsible Person is usually an organisation, such as a property company or a managing agent firm (or what is known in law as a “legal person”).

If you are unsure whether you are the Responsible Person for the purposes of the Fire Safety (England) Regulations, or if the correct identity of the Responsible Person is unknown, you should seek legal advice. It is not the role of the fire and rescue service, for example, to advise you in this regard; however, to enforce the Regulations, the fire and rescue service may require to be informed of the identity of the Responsible Person.

Responsibilities of the Responsible Person (General)

Residents are provided with information.

You must post-fire safety instructions in a visible area of the building. The instructions must be written in a language that residents can reasonably be expected to understand.

The instructions must include the following information:

The building’s evacuation strategy (e.g., stay put or simultaneous evacuation), instructions on how to report a fire (e.g. use of 999 or 112, the correct address to give to the fire and rescue service, etc.)

Any other instruction that tells residents what to do if a fire occurs

These instructions must also be provided to new residents as soon as reasonably possible after they move into their accommodation, as well as any material changes to the instructions (e.g. as a result of alterations to the building). Furthermore, these instructions should be reissued to all existing residents every 12 months.

You must also provide pertinent information about fire doors, particularly residents’ flat entrance doors, as these are critical in containing any fire that starts within the flat. You must, in particular, provide all residents with information to the effect that:

Residents and their guests should not tamper with self-closing devices on fire doors when they are not in use.

Residents should immediately report any problems or damage to fire doors to the Responsible Person.

Again, residents must be given information about fire doors as soon as reasonably possible after moving into their flat and every 12 months thereafter.

Responsibilities of the Responsible Person (Buildings over 11m in height)

The Fire Safety (England) Regulations impose additional duties to those described above if you are the Responsible Person for a building that contains two or more sets of domestic premises and is taller than 11m (typically a building of five storeys or more).

These additional responsibilities are outlined below.

Fire door inspections (Communal areas)

All fire doors in the building’s communal areas must be checked at least every three months. These doors will typically include the following:

• doors leading to stairwells and stairwell lobbies
• cross-corridor doors are used to divide corridors.
• storage and electrical equipment cupboard doors
• doors leading to riser shafts, through which various services run
• When inspecting these doors, ensure they are effectively self-closing (or, in the case of cupboard and riser doors, they are kept locked shut). When self-closing doors are opened at any angle and released, they should fully close into their frames.

To test this, do the following:

First, fully open the door, then let it go, then open it to around 15 degrees and let it go.

In both cases, the door should fully close into the frame, overcoming latch resistance or floor friction.

Check that the doors, frames, and any glazing are not damaged, as well as any intumescent strips and smoke seals (if provided).

Defects in the doors, frames and self-closing devices should be repaired immediately.

It is not intended that these checks include a more detailed, technical examination of the doors or the original installation standard, nor that these checks be performed by specialists. It is expected that the Responsible Person or their staff will be able to carry out the checks with simple instructions.

Flat door entrance checks

You must do your best to check all flat entrance fire doors every 12 months.

You must keep a record of the steps taken to comply with this requirement, including any steps taken to gain access to a flat that was not granted for this purpose during any 12-month period.

When inspecting these doors, make sure they are effectively self-closing. When the doors are opened at any angle and released, they should fully close into their frames, overcoming the resistance of any latch on the door. A simple way to perform this check is described above for communal area doors.

Check that the doors, frames, and any glazing are not damaged (and that the glazing has not been replaced with non-fire-resistant glazing) and that any intumescent strips and smoke seals (if provided) are not damaged.

Defects in doors, frames and self-closing devices should be repaired as soon as reasonably possible and in accordance with the risks identified.

It is not intended that these checks include a more detailed, technical examination of the doors or the original installation standard, nor that these checks be performed by specialists. It is expected that the Responsible Person or their staff will be able to carry out the checks with simple instructions.

In the case of leasehold flats, arrangements must be made with the leaseholders to gain access to their flats for the purpose of conducting flat entrance door checks. In the event of a stalemate, a court order can be obtained to accomplish this. This right of access should be included in any new leases.

When inspections reveal that a fire door (e.g., communal or flat entrance door) requires repair or replacement, a competent contractor must complete this work as soon as reasonably possible.

Responsibilities of the Responsible Person (High-rise buildings)

The Fire Safety (England) Regulations impose additional duties to those described above if you are responsible for a high-rise residential building containing two or more domestic premises. These additional responsibilities are outlined below.

A few requirements for this building height require information to be electronically transmitted to your local fire and rescue service. The National Fire Chiefs Council (NFCC) can direct you to the appropriate local service. It will also include information on what file size and format they can accept and what email address to use.

Signage for directional purposes

Because of the building’s height, appropriate signage is required to assist fire and rescue service crews with orientation in the event of a fire. (If the structure was designed after November 2020, the appropriate signage should have already been incorporated into the structure to ensure compliance with the Building Regulations.)

The following principles apply to this signage:

When firefighters arrive at the landing of any stairway, there should be clear signage indicating the floor number on which they are located and the flat numbers on that floor.

When firefighters use a lift designed specifically for them to reach higher floors, the same signage should be clearly visible to them when the lift doors open.

The signs must be visible in both normal and low-light or smoky conditions.

You must ensure that the signs are kept in good condition, so inspect them on a regular basis (e.g. during other legally required checks within the building).

Secure information box

In the event of a fire in a high-rise residential building, certain information must be readily available to the fire and rescue services.

The Fire Safety (England) Regulations require that the information be kept in a secure information box located in or on the building and easily accessible to the fire and rescue services. The box must be able to hold the documents required by these Regulations and be reasonably secure from unauthorised access and vandalism.

You must provide the local fire and rescue service with the information required to access the secure information box and notify the fire and rescue service as soon as possible if any of these details change. A secure information box is typically protected against unauthorised access by a lock that can be opened only with a key that is legally protected from copying and is carried on fire and rescue service vehicles. However, other methods of securing the box may be acceptable to the local fire and rescue service, with whom some discussion should occur before adopting an alternative.

Your secure information box must include the following items for the purposes of these Regulations:

the name, address, and telephone number of the Responsible Person within the United Kingdom, the name and contact information of any other persons within the United Kingdom who are provided with and permitted to access the building on behalf of the Responsible Person

a duplicate of the floor plans and the building plan

To ensure that the secure information box remains secure and accessible to the fire and rescue services, you must inspect it at least once a year. It is also strongly advised that you keep the information contained within the box up to date.

External wall construction information

You must create a record of the design of the building’s external walls, including details about the materials used to construct them. You must electronically transmit this record to the local fire and rescue service.

This record must identify the level of risk posed by the design and materials of the external walls, as determined by the fire risk assessment required by the Fire Safety Order. You must also keep track of any risk-mitigation measures that have been implemented.

Unless the above information is readily available and known to be reasonably accurate, determining the information required by the Fire Safety (England) Regulations will generally require special skills, which are not normally held by a typical fire risk assessor engaged in carrying out the fire risk assessment required by the Fire Safety Order. Where necessary, you must seek the advice and assistance of someone with sufficient training and experience/knowledge. You will, however, continue to be responsible for ensuring that the Regulations are followed.

In the case of known traditional masonry external wall construction, it may be reasonable to assume that the risk of external fire spread is acceptable without further investigation; in this case, this should be recorded in the record provided to the fire and rescue service. Even in the case of low-risk traditional masonry construction, if there are attachments (such as balconies or decorative cladding) that, due to their combustibility, may result in rapid external fire spread, a specialist’s assessment is likely to be required.

The goal of providing this information to the fire and rescue services is to help them with operational pre-planning and to provide information that will be useful to front-line crews during a fire.

As a result, the information should be presented in a format limited to high-level detail that is useful for this purpose; over-elaborate construction detail without any explanation of the implications regarding fire performance and risk may not be helpful.

On the other hand, simple identification of materials used in external walls, whether combustible or not, is unlikely always to assist the fire and rescue service.

Other than in the case of low-risk, traditional masonry construction, the following information should typically be provided:

an overview of the external wall’s design, brief information on construction materials, insulation, and any cladding any known construction defects (either as originally built or currently)

the degree of danger posed by the external walls, cladding, and any attachments (as determined, where necessary, by an appraisal carried out by specialists)

any risk-mitigation measures taken in response to the risk identified in the fire risk assessment

If any significant changes are made to the building’s external walls, the above-mentioned record must be revised, and the revised version must be provided to the fire and rescue service.

Building plans and floor plans

In the event of a fire in a high-rise building, building plans are extremely useful to fire and rescue crews. As a result, according to the Fire Safety (England) Regulations, you must prepare a plan for each floor of a high-rise residential building.

If the plans for each floor are identical in every material respect, you can prepare just one single plan for those floors, provided the plan clearly indicates the floors to which it relates.

The floor plans must identify the location of all lifts (including those designed for use by firefighters or evacuation) and key fire-fighting equipment in the building, such as rising mains, smoke control systems, and fire suppression systems.

You must also create a one-page building plan that includes the following information:

• the building’s surroundings (e.g. the building and its immediate surroundings)
• details about the building’s use, for example, commercial or residential
• access for fire and rescue equipment
• the building’s dimensions, information on the number of storeys, and the number of basement levels (if any)
• information on the availability of maisonettes or scissor-section flats
• dry rising mains inlets wet rising mains inlets
• the location of any sprinkler system shut-off controls for the building’s access points
• the location of the secure data box
• the location of any smoke control system’s central controls
• any firefighting shaft’s location
• the location of the main stairwells in the building, the location of any evacuation alert system
• A hard copy of the floor and building plans must be placed in the secure information box. Furthermore, you must provide an electronic copy of these plans to the local fire and rescue service (i.e. email).

If the layout of the building or the location of the key firefighting equipment described above changes, you must update the floor plans and building plan as soon as reasonably possible after the changes. You will then need to electronically update the plans provided to the fire and rescue service.

Lifts and necessary firefighting equipment

One or more lifts are installed in high-rise residential buildings to allow fire and rescue crews to reach upper floors during a fire. In addition, the crews will use other systems and equipment, such as rising mains (also known as dry or wet risers), to obtain water on upper floors.

Furthermore, high-rise residential buildings typically incorporate other special fire safety measures on which residents and firefighters may rely. A smoke control system, for example, is designed to limit the passage of smoke into any stairway by removing smoke from common corridors and lobbies. A fire detection system frequently controls these systems.

Other systems or equipment may be provided for fire and rescue service use in some high-rise residential buildings, such as evacuation alert systems, which allow the fire and rescue service to operate special evacuation alert sounders within flats.

It is critical that all of the existing systems function correctly in the event of a fire. As a result, the Regulations include requirements for routine testing of all such systems and equipment. These checks are in addition to the Fire Safety Order’s requirement for system servicing and maintenance (usually by a contractor).

All lifts intended for use by firefighters must be inspected on a monthly basis. Similarly, you must conduct monthly inspections of any evacuation lifts used to evacuate disabled people in the event of a fire.

You must also perform the following monthly checks:

• rising mains
• systems for controlling smoke
• fire extinguishing systems
• Systems for fire detection and alarm, including any systems linked to other fire safety equipment, such as smoke control systems
• evacuation warning systems (a visual check of the control and indicating equipment, but not testing of the system)
• Systems for automatic door opening and closing that are linked to fire detection and alarm systems

All of these monthly checks must be documented. Residents of the building must have access to the records of these checks.

If any of these checks reveal a problem with one of the above systems or equipment, you must take corrective action. If the fault cannot be repaired within 24 hours of its discovery, you must notify the local fire and rescue service electronically as soon as possible. You must also notify them electronically once the problem has been resolved.

Those in charge should consider the impact of the fault (for example, the impact of a smoke control system failure on means of escape) and the need for any subsequent mitigation measures. Responsible parties should also consider reviewing the building’s fire risk assessment, especially if the fault lasts long. Any potential impact on evacuation arrangements should also be considered (e.g. in the event of failure of an evacuation lift). The need to continue complying with duties under the Fire Safety Order should be considered.

It is not anticipated that any of the above checks will require the services of specialists or contractors (though some Responsible Persons may choose to have the checks carried out by maintenance contractors that carry out other routine maintenance checks on a monthly, or more frequent, basis). Visual inspection or simple, functional operating checks are usually all that is required.

On the other hand, routine checks must confirm that the system or equipment is in good working order and repair, based on routine check guidance provided by the relevant industry standard or any recommendations made by equipment manufacturers within an operator’s manual.

The following are examples of the types of checks you will most likely perform for the aforementioned requirements, but please consult any operator’s manual for specifics about your equipment:

Lifts

The monthly check will include operating the firefighters’ switch (or evacuation lift switch) to ensure that it returns the lift to the fire and rescue service access (or evacuation) level, after which it can only be operated by the controls within the car. The controls should then allow the lift to be taken to an upper floor, where the doors can be opened and closed from within the car. You should also ensure, by means of a random check, that the landing controls are disabled and cannot call the lift to the floor in question.

Systems for controlling smoke

Typically, only one monthly test is required to ensure the smoke control system can respond to a signal from any associated fire detection and fire alarm system. It should also respond to the operation of any manual control provided by the fire and rescue service. Similarly, in the case of fire doors that are normally held open but close automatically when a fire detection system is activated (which is uncommon in apartment buildings), the monthly check will simply confirm that the doors do close when the system is activated.

Other systems and apparatus

Normally, a visual inspection will suffice to ensure that the systems and equipment are not damaged or interfered with. This would be true, for example, of rising main inlet and landing valves and fire suppression system control valves.

Evacuation warning systems

No routine tests should be performed; the system should only be tested during routine maintenance (e.g. by a contractor). The monthly check consists only of visually examining the enclosure for the system control and indicating equipment to ensure that it has not been damaged or vandalised.

Fire Risk Assessments

Several British Standards provide guidance on fire risk assessments. The most relevant standards are:

BS 9999:2017 Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management, and use of buildings

BS 5839-1:2017 Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings. Code of practice for design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of systems in non-domestic premises

BS 5306-8:2012 Fire extinguishing installations and equipment on premises. Selection and positioning of portable fire extinguishers. Code of practice

These standards provide guidance on different aspects of fire safety and risk assessment, including fire safety design, fire detection and alarm systems, and selection and positioning of portable fire extinguishers.

It is important to note that compliance with these standards is not mandatory but widely recognised as best practice guidance for fire safety in the UK.

Emergency Lighting

The main British Standard code for emergency lighting is BS 5266-1:2016 Code of practice for the emergency lighting of premises. This standard provides guidance on the design, installation, commissioning, and maintenance of emergency lighting systems in buildings.

BS 5266-1:2016 outlines the minimum provision of emergency lighting required to enable the safe evacuation of a building in the event of a power failure or other emergency. It also provides guidance on the types of emergency lighting systems required in different buildings and situations.

Other related standards that may be useful when designing and installing emergency lighting systems include:

BS EN 1838:2013 Lighting applications — Emergency lighting

BS EN 50172:2004 Emergency escape lighting systems

BS 7671:2018 Requirements for Electrical Installations (IET Wiring Regulations)

It is important to note that compliance with these standards is not mandatory, but they are widely recognized as best-practice guidance for emergency lighting in the UK.

Fire Alarms

The British Standard codes for fire alarm systems include BS 5839-1:2017 and BS 5839-6:2019. These standards specify the different grades of fire alarm systems that are required in different types of buildings and situations.

The grades of fire alarm systems are as follows:

Grade A: This is the highest level of fire alarm system and is required in buildings where the risk of fire is high or where the early warning is essential for the safety of the occupants. Grade A systems typically include automatic fire detectors, manual call points, sounders, and control panels throughout the building.

Grade B: This mid-level fire alarm system is required in buildings with moderate fire risk. Grade B systems typically include automatic fire detectors in high-risk areas and manual call points, sounders, and control panels.

Grade C: This is a lower-level fire alarm system and is required in buildings where the risk of fire is low. Grade C systems typically include manual call points and sounders.

Grade D: This wireless fire alarm system is often used in buildings where installing a wired system would be difficult or disruptive. Grade D systems typically include wireless automatic fire detectors, manual call points, sounders, and control panels.

Grade E: This basic fire alarm system is typically used in small buildings or where the fire risk is very low. Grade E systems typically include only manual call points and sounders.

It is important to note that the specific requirements for fire alarm systems will vary depending on the building type and the associated risks. Compliance with the relevant British Standard codes is not mandatory, but they are widely recognized as best-practice guidance for fire alarm systems in the UK.

Fire Alarms on Construction Sites

The British Standard code for construction site fire alarms is BS 5839-1:2017. This standard provides guidance on the design, installation, commissioning, and maintenance of fire detection and alarm systems in non-domestic premises, including construction sites.

BS 5839-1:2017 outlines the requirements for fire detection and alarm systems on construction sites, considering the specific risks associated with these types of sites. The standard recommends that a temporary fire alarm system be installed on construction sites where there is a fire risk and that the system be designed and installed per the standard’s requirements.

The standard also recommends that the temporary fire alarm system be connected to a monitoring centre that can alert the fire and rescue service in the event of an alarm. The system should also include manual call points, sounders, and control panels and be regularly tested and maintained to ensure effectiveness.

It is important to note that compliance with BS 5839-1:2017 is not mandatory, but it is widely recognized as best practice guidance for fire alarm systems on construction sites in the UK.

Fire Door Compliance

The British Standard code for fire door compliance is BS 8214:2016 Code of practice for fire door assemblies with non-metallic leaves. This standard provides guidance on the specification, installation, and maintenance of fire door assemblies in buildings, including the types of materials that may be used, the hardware required, and the testing and certification procedures that should be followed.

In addition, the Building Regulations Approved Document B (Fire Safety) also provides guidance on fire doors and their compliance with fire safety regulations. The document sets out the requirements for fire doors in different types of buildings, including the minimum level of fire resistance required, the types of hardware that should be used, and the testing and certification procedures that should be followed.

Other relevant British Standards that may be useful when assessing fire door compliance include:

BS 476-22:1987 Fire tests on building materials and structures. Methods for determination of the fire resistance of non-loadbearing elements of construction

BS EN 1634-1:2014 Fire resistance and smoke control tests for door and shutter assemblies, openable windows and elements of building hardware. Fire resistance tests for doors, shutters and openable windows.

Fire Exit Doors

The British Standard code for fire exit doors is BS 8214:2016 Code of practice for fire door assemblies with non-metallic leaves. This standard provides guidance on the specification, installation, and maintenance of fire exit doors in buildings, including the types of materials that may be used, the hardware required, and the testing and certification procedures that should be followed.

In addition, the Building Regulations Approved Document B (Fire Safety) also provides guidance on fire exit doors and their compliance with fire safety regulations. The document sets out the requirements for fire exit doors in different types of buildings, including the minimum level of fire resistance required, the types of hardware that should be used, and the testing and certification procedures that should be followed.

Other relevant British Standards that may be useful when assessing fire exit door compliance include:

BS EN 1125:2008 Building hardware. Panic exit devices operated by a horizontal bar for use on escape routes. Requirements and test methods

BS EN 179:2008 Building hardware. Emergency exit devices operated by a lever handle or push pad for use on escape routes. Requirements and test methods.

Metal Fire Doors

The British Standard code for metal fire doors is BS 476-22:1987. Fire tests on building materials and structures. Methods for determination of the fire resistance of non-loadbearing elements of construction. This standard sets out the requirements for the fire resistance of metal fire doors and their frames and specifies the testing and certification procedures that should be followed.

In addition, the Building Regulations Approved Document B (Fire Safety) also provides guidance on metal fire doors and their compliance with fire safety regulations. The document sets out the requirements for metal fire doors in different types of buildings, including the minimum level of fire resistance required, the types of hardware that should be used, and the testing and certification procedures that should be followed.

Other relevant British Standards that may be useful when assessing metal fire door compliance include:

BS EN 1634-1:2014 Fire resistance and smoke control tests for door and shutter assemblies, openable windows and elements of building hardware. Fire resistance tests for doors, shutters and openable windows

BS 476-20:1987 Fire tests on building materials and structures. Method for determination of the fire resistance of elements of construction (general principles)

Fire Glass and Glazing

The British Standard code for fire glass and door glazing is BS 476-22:1987 Fire tests on building materials and structures. Methods for determination of the fire resistance of non-loadbearing elements of construction. This standard sets out the requirements for the fire resistance of fire glass and fire door glazing and specifies the testing and certification procedures that should be followed.

In addition, the Building Regulations Approved Document B (Fire Safety) also provides guidance on fire glass and fire door glazing and their compliance with fire safety regulations. The document sets out the requirements for fire glass and fire door glazing in different types of buildings, including the minimum level of fire resistance required, the types of hardware that should be used, and the testing and certification procedures that should be followed.

Other relevant British Standards that may be useful when assessing fire glass and fire door glazing compliance include:

BS EN 1364-1:2018 Fire resistance tests for non-loadbearing elements of construction. Part 1: Walls

BS EN 1634-1:2014 Fire resistance and smoke control tests for door and shutter assemblies, openable windows and elements of building hardware. Fire resistance tests for doors, shutters and openable windows.

Residential fire safety policy in the UK aims to ensure the safety of occupants in residential buildings, prevent fires, and reduce the risk of fire-related injuries and fatalities. The policy ensures that all residential buildings, including houses, flats, and apartments, comply with legal requirements and standards.

The policy includes several measures, including Fire Risk Assessments, smoke alarms, fire safety equipment, education, and regulations. These measures are discussed in more detail below:

Fire Risk Assessments: Fire Risk Assessments are a legal requirement for all residential buildings in the UK. A Fire Risk Assessment aims to identify potential fire hazards and risks, evaluate the likelihood of a fire occurring and its potential impact, and take appropriate measures to reduce or eliminate those risks.

A competent person should conduct a Fire Risk Assessment with the necessary knowledge and experience to assess fire risks. The assessment should consider factors such as the type of building, the use of the building, the number of occupants, and the potential fire hazards and risks.

Based on the assessment, the assessor should make recommendations for measures that can be taken to reduce or eliminate fire risks. These measures include installing fire doors, improving electrical safety, and ensuring adequate means of escape.

Smoke Alarms: Smoke alarms are a vital component of residential fire safety policy in the UK. They are mandatory in all residential buildings and should be installed in every room. Smoke alarms are designed to detect smoke and alert occupants to the presence of a fire, giving them time to evacuate the building.

Smoke alarms should be installed where they can be heard throughout the building, such as on the ceiling in the hallway or landing. They should be tested regularly to ensure they are working correctly and replaced if faulty.

Fire Safety Equipment: Fire safety equipment, such as fire extinguishers, fire blankets, and emergency lighting, should be installed in all residential buildings. The equipment should be easily accessible and regularly maintained.

Fire extinguishers are designed to put out small fires and should be appropriate for the type of fire that is likely to occur. In addition, fire blankets can smother small fires, and emergency lighting can illuminate during a power failure.

Fire Safety Training & Education: All residential building occupants should be provided education and training in fire safety to help with understanding fire hazards and risks, how to prevent fires, and how to respond in the event of a fire.

Occupants should be educated on how to use fire safety equipment, such as fire extinguishers and fire blankets. They should also be informed of the evacuation procedures and the location of escape routes.

Fire Safety Regulations: UK residential buildings must comply with strict fire safety regulations, including Building Regulations and the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005. These regulations set out the minimum requirements for fire safety in residential buildings and apply to all types of buildings.

The Building Regulations set out the technical requirements for the construction of buildings, including fire safety measures such as fire resistance, means of escape, and fire detection and warning systems. The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 applies to all non-domestic premises and the common parts of residential buildings, such as stairwells and corridors.

In summary, the UK residential fire safety policy includes measures such as Fire Risk Assessments, smoke alarms, fire safety equipment, education, and regulations to prevent fires and reduce the risk of fire-related injuries and fatalities in residential buildings. These measures ensure that all residential buildings are safe for occupants and comply with legal requirements and standards.

The UK business fire safety policy is designed to ensure the safety of employees, customers, and visitors to commercial premises and reduce the risk of fire-related injuries and fatalities. The policy includes several measures, including Fire Risk Assessments, fire safety equipment, education and training, and regulations. These measures are discussed in more detail below:

Fire Risk Assessments: A Fire Risk Assessment is a legal requirement for all businesses in the UK. It involves identifying potential fire hazards and risks, evaluating the likelihood of a fire occurring and its potential impact, and taking appropriate measures to reduce or eliminate those risks.

A competent person with the necessary knowledge and experience to assess fire risks should conduct a Fire Risk Assessment. The assessment should consider factors such as the type of business, how the premises are used, the number of employees and visitors, and potential fire hazards and risks.

The assessor should make recommendations for measures that can be taken to reduce or eliminate fire risks based on the assessment. These precautions include installing fire doors, improving electrical safety, and providing adequate escape routes.

Fire Safety Equipment: Fire safety equipment, such as fire extinguishers, fire blankets, and emergency lighting, should be installed on all commercial premises. The equipment should be appropriate for the type of business and the potential fire risks.

Fire extinguishers are designed to put out small fires and should be appropriate for the type of fire that is likely to occur. In addition, fire blankets can smother small fires, and emergency lighting can illuminate during a power failure.

Education and Training: All employees of commercial premises should be provided with fire safety training. This includes understanding fire hazards and risks, preventing fires, and responding during a fire.

Employees should be educated on how to use fire safety equipment, such as fire extinguishers and fire blankets. They should also be informed of the evacuation procedures and the location of escape routes.

Fire Safety Regulations: UK commercial premises must comply with strict fire safety regulations, including Building Regulations and the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005. These regulations set out the minimum requirements for fire safety in commercial premises and apply to all types of businesses.

The Building Regulations set out the technical requirements for the construction of buildings, including fire safety measures such as fire resistance, means of escape, and fire detection and warning systems. In addition, the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 applies to all non-domestic premises and sets out the legal responsibilities of business owners and managers concerning fire safety.

In summary, the UK business fire safety policy includes measures such as Fire Risk Assessments, equipment, education and training, and regulations to prevent fires and reduce the risk of fire-related injuries and fatalities in commercial premises. These measures ensure that all commercial premises are safe for employees, customers, and visitors and comply with legal requirements and standards.

What is the fire protocol for a nursing/care home?

A registered person is required by the Care Home Regulations Act of 2001 to consult a fire authority for guidance. Take appropriate precautions against the risk of fire. Provide the recommended fire safety equipment to facilitate fire detection, containment, and extinguishment.

What is a plan for fire evacuation in nursing homes?

In many residential care facilities, the evacuation strategy is progressive horizontal evacuation (PHE), which is implemented in stages. This involves evacuating residents to safe areas of the structure, away from the fire. This method is utilised if, for instance, bedridden residents make a full evacuation difficult.

What are the three categories of fire evacuation in a care home?

• Simultaneous Evacuation.
• Vertical or Horizontal Phased Evacuation.
• Silent Alarm Evacuation.

Who is in charge of fire safety in a nursing home?

The individual responsible for ensuring that a nursing home complies with fire safety regulations is referred to as the “Responsible Person.” The Responsible Person in a nursing home may be the facility owner, the primary employer, or the home administrator.

Which patients evacuate first in a fire?

Patients at immediate serious risk should be transferred first. They should follow a leading nurse to a secure location. Transfer patients closest to danger first (non-ambulatory and ambulatory)—direct ambulatory patients to a secure location.

How often do care staff require fire training?

Due to the level of risk and responsibility for staff, guests, and residents, certain industries, including the care and hospitality industries, must conduct fire training and drills at least twice a year.

What does PEEP stand for?

PEEP stands for Personal Emergency Evacuation Plan.

The purpose of a PEEP is to provide people who cannot escape a building on their own with the necessary information and assistance to manage their escape to a safe location and to ensure that the appropriate level of assistance is always available.

What are the basic facts healthcare providers must know about fire safety?

• Establish a fire safety and evacuation plan, ensuring all facility employees know these procedures. If possible, hold fire drills to ensure that all employees know evacuation routes and what to do during a fire.
• Ensure all exit doors, evacuation routes, and vital pathways are clear and unobstructed. Follow local regulations regarding door locking and fire door maintenance.
• Provide personnel with fire extinguisher training.
• Ensure that employees know the location of and how to activate fire alarms.
• Know where and how to use the oxygen and compressed gas shutoff controls.
• Ensure that staff members know the need for immediate action in the event of a fire to maintain patient safety.
• Ensure that staff members know how to move patients quickly and safely and what must be done to keep patients safe in the event of a fire.

There are four primary uses for fire safety signs in the United Kingdom: A warning sign that describes what to do in the event of a fire is known as a “Fire Action Notice.” Marking fire exit routes, doors, and assembly points with safety signs. The location of fire-fighting equipment, such as extinguishers, is indicated by safety signs.

The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 comply with BS 5499, which covers all safety warning signs, including fire safety signs.

Does the law require fire signage?

The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 states that all building occupants must be informed of fire safety instructions, and installing fire action signs is a good solution to accomplish this.

What are the fire extinguisher signage requirements in the United Kingdom?

According to British Standards BS5499, fire extinguisher ID signage should be placed between 1.7-2.0m on the wall or stand for your fire extinguisher for maximum effect. To summarise: In an emergency, provide immediate safety and usage information for fire extinguishers.

What colour are fire exit signs?

Green has become the universal colour for “go” in fire safety signs associated with escaping a fire. These notices are square or rectangular in shape and feature contrasting white writing.

Prohibition signs, such as “No Smoking” notices, fall into this category. These signs describe a prohibited action that may increase the likelihood of a fire.

Mandatory signs – These signs indicate the steps that people must take in order to comply with fire regulations, which are intended to protect occupants. A “fire door keep shut” notice is an example of a mandatory sign.

Warning signs are required to alert people to the presence of flammable materials. For instance, a store cupboard containing potentially hazardous liquids.

Safe condition signs indicate fire escape routes, fire assembly points, and first aid equipment to assist occupants in dealing with an emergency and escaping the building.

Fire exit signs are required to highlight the location of fire exits so that those fleeing the building know which door to use.

Fire equipment signs – These notices direct people to the location of firefighting equipment, such as extinguishers or fire hoses, and areas where fire alarms are activated. This may not be necessary depending on the layout of the building if the equipment is highly visible.

Signs with additional information – These signs include information such as directional arrows or text to expand on neighbouring notices to provide additional instruction.

Notices may need to be illuminated to comply with fire door sign regulations. Emergency lighting is used to make them visible in low-light environments.

What colour do fire equipment signs have?

Fire safety signs associated with fire fighting equipment are red. This is consistent with the equipment, which must also be red. These signs have white writing and pictograms. A fire hose notice, which highlights the location of fire fighting equipment, is an example of this type of sign.

What do blue and white fire safety signs mean?

Blue fire safety signs with white writing state the precautions to take in a building. The shape of mandatory signs is circular. The well-known “FIRE DOOR KEEP SHUT” notice is an example of this type of sign, designed to provide protection in the event of a fire.

What is the point made by yellow safety signs?

Yellow fire safety signs with triangular shapes carry warning messages. They are distinguished by a black symbol that denotes the type of hazard in a specific location. A fire risk sign is an example of a yellow warning message.

COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) is a regulation in the United Kingdom that requires employers to assess and control the risks to their employee’s health and safety that may arise from exposure to hazardous substances in the workplace.

Fire safety is an important consideration in any COSHH risk assessment because fires can release hazardous substances into the workplace, and the chemicals used in fire suppression systems can also pose a risk to employees.

The COSHH risk assessment process involves five key steps:

Identify the hazardous substances: The first step in a COSHH risk assessment for fire safety is to identify all the hazardous substances that may be present in the workplace, including any flammable liquids or gases and the chemicals used in fire suppression systems.

Determine who may be at risk: The next step is to identify who in the workplace may be at risk of exposure to these hazardous substances in the event of a fire, including employees, contractors, and visitors.

Evaluate the risks: Once the hazardous substances and potential exposure risks have been identified, the employer must assess the likelihood and severity of harm resulting from a fire.

Implement control measures: Based on evaluating the risks, the employer must implement appropriate measures to prevent or minimize the risks to employees. This could include measures such as ensuring adequate fire suppression equipment is available, ensuring employees are trained in fire safety procedures and minimizing the storage of hazardous substances on site.

Monitor and review: The final step is to monitor the effectiveness of the control measures and review the risk assessment regularly to ensure that it remains up-to-date and effective.

Overall, a COSHH risk assessment for fire safety in the United Kingdom is an important tool for employers to ensure that their workplace is safe and compliant with relevant regulations while protecting their employees’ health and well-being.

In the UK, regular fire safety and fire risk assessments are required for both residential and commercial properties to ensure the safety of occupants and visitors.

Retesting dates for fire safety and fire risk assessments vary depending on the type and size of the property, as well as the level of risk identified during the initial assessment.

For commercial properties, the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 requires that a competent person carries out a fire risk assessment. The retesting date for fire safety assessments should be determined by the responsible person, who must consider factors such as changes to the building or its use, the results of any previous assessments, and the recommendations of the initial assessment.

For residential properties, the Housing Act 2004 requires that landlords carry out regular safety checks, including fire safety assessments, on their properties. The retesting date for fire safety assessments may be determined by the landlord or property manager. It will depend on factors such as the age and condition of the building, the number of occupants, and any changes to the property since the previous assessment.

In general, it is recommended that fire safety assessments are carried out at least once a year or whenever there are significant changes to the building or its use. However, the exact retesting dates will depend on the specific circumstances of each property and should be determined by a competent person with knowledge of fire safety regulations and standards.

PEEP

A Personal Emergency Evacuation Plan (PEEP) is a plan that is designed to ensure the safe evacuation of individuals who may require additional assistance during an emergency evacuation, such as those with disabilities or mobility impairments.

In the UK, employers and building owners have a legal responsibility to ensure the safety of their employees and visitors in the workplace. This includes making reasonable adjustments to accommodate individuals with disabilities or other impairments, including creating a PEEP.

A PEEP is a written document that outlines specific arrangements to ensure that the individual can safely evacuate the building in an emergency. The plan will consider the individual’s specific needs and circumstances, such as mobility, communication requirements, and medical needs.

A PEEP typically includes information such as the individual’s location in the building, details of any evacuation equipment required (such as a wheelchair or evacuation chair), and the name of a designated person who will assist the individual in the event of an emergency. The PEEP will also provide clear instructions on what to do in the event of an emergency, including the safest evacuation route and any designated refuge areas.

It is essential to regularly review and update the PEEP to ensure that it remains current and relevant to the individual’s needs. By having a PEEP in place, employers and building owners can ensure that all individuals, regardless of their individual needs, can safely evacuate the building in the event of an emergency.

GEEP

A Generic Emergency Evacuation Plan (GEEP) is a plan that outlines the procedures to be followed in the event of an emergency evacuation in a building or premises. In the UK, employers and building owners have a legal responsibility to ensure the safety of their employees and visitors in the workplace. Part of this responsibility includes creating and implementing a GEEP.

A GEEP is a written document that details the procedures to be followed in the event of an emergency, such as a fire, flood, or another hazard that requires the evacuation of the building. The plan will provide information on the designated escape routes, the location of fire exits and assembly points, and the roles and responsibilities of employees during an evacuation.

A GEEP will also provide instructions on using emergency equipment, such as fire extinguishers and alarms, and the procedures for contacting emergency services. The plan may also include details of any specific hazards that are present in the building or premises, such as hazardous materials, and how to manage these during an emergency evacuation.

It is important to regularly review and update the GEEP to ensure that it remains current and relevant to the building and its occupants. By having a GEEP in place, employers and building owners can ensure that all employees and visitors are aware of the procedures to be followed in the event of an emergency and that everyone can evacuate the building safely and quickly.

Understanding your premises’ maximum occupancy (the number of people who can fit inside safely) is an important part of your fire risk assessment, but it can be difficult if you’re not used to it.

How many people per fire exit?

The government guideline states that one fire exit is needed for up to 60 persons. Two fire exits are needed for up to 600 persons; in cases of more than 600 people, there must be at least three fire exits.

How is fire exit capacity calculated?

When calculating the exit capacity, you must remember to discount the largest exit or exits if they are close together (see example below), as they may be unavailable due to the fire. Then add the number of persons who can safely use the remaining available exits.

What is the 45-degree rule means of escape?

The 45-degree rule

If two exits are within 45 degrees of each other, a fire could take out both exits. Customers and staff will have to use the remaining exits.

What is the maximum number of people permitted in a building with a single exit?

A single inward-opening door would limit the capacity to 60 persons. Once you have calculated the occupancy for the size of the premises, you must check that this is below the maximum numbers the escape routes can accommodate. Reasonable escape times are 2½ minutes for normal-risk premises.

What are the means of escape regulations UK?

The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 requires a means of escape that will ensure the safety of employees so far as reasonably practicable and that may reasonably be required in the circumstances relating to the use of the building to ensure that the premises are also safe for people who are not employees.

Two factors will limit your property’s safe occupancy:

The floor space factor, or how many people can fit into the space, and the escape route capacity, or how many people can safely evacuate your building.

The factor of Floor Space

Different locations, or different areas within the same location, require different services – you can’t fit as many people on a factory floor as you can on a dance floor. The Approved Document B calculates how much space each person will occupy in various premises.

To determine how many people your floor area can safely accommodate, divide the premises into distinct spaces based on their use. A plan drawing is the simplest way to accomplish this.

Make a rough plan of your building, dividing areas according to how they will be used. Don’t include stairwells or exits; we want to keep those clear. Similarly, don’t include toilets or storage areas where you don’t anticipate people spending most of their time.

Calculate the area of each of these spaces in m2.

You may need to consult the above guides if you have more complex requirements.

If you can’t find a suitable usage type, consult the more detailed table of floor space factors. When designing a space that serves multiple functions, the highest floor space factor, i.e. the most space per person, should be used.

Divide the area of each space by the appropriate floor space factor, or use our floorspace calculator to make it easier.

Capacity for Exit

We must now figure out how to get these people out safely. The number and width of exit routes from the building limit your options here. Take the narrowest point along each route, which is almost certainly a door. Unless fewer than five people are likely to use an exit, it must be at least 750mm wide or 900mm for wheelchair users. A 750mm can hold 100 people, while a 1050mm can hold 200. If your door is wider than 1050mm, add another person for every 5mm over 1050mm.

If you only have one exit, your total occupancy is limited to 60 people.

If you have a door that opens inwards or against the flow of people leaving the building, that is also limited to 60 people. It should be noted that if the door is held open, this limitation may not apply.

Because we want to ensure that we can accommodate a safe number of people in the event of a fire, we must ensure that everything still holds up in the worst-case scenario. To do so, we take the total number of people each exit route from the building can accommodate and discount the most. That way, even if a fire rendered that exit completely inaccessible, we would still be able to safely exit through the remaining exits. For the same reason, if two exits are close enough that a single fire could reasonably render both of them inaccessible, we consider them a single exit for occupancy purposes.

Add these (except the one you’ve discounted) to find your total exit capacity, or enter all your exit widths into our exit capacity calculator to make it easier.

Maximum occupancy

So we now know how many people can fit safely inside your premises and how many people can safely exit your premises. The total safe number of occupants on your property is the lower of the two figures.

Remember that it may not be as simple in more complex buildings – perhaps your layout does not allow everyone to access every exit, for example. You may need to spend some time with the guidance or speak with a professional about your fire risk assessment if you need more information on dealing with more complicated arrangements.

Evacuation Procedure

1. Stop all activities immediately. …
2. Assess that all persons can evacuate the area. …
3. Follow EXIT signs to the nearest safe exit. …
4. Use the stairs. …
5. Allow others to enter the stairwell. …
6. Steer clear of hazards. …
7. Move away from the building. …
8. Do not re-enter the building without an “all clear.”

What are the five evacuation procedures?

Fire evacuation strategy

• Simultaneous Evacuation.
• Vertical Phased Evacuation.
• Staff Alarm Evacuation (Silent Alarm)
• Defend in Place.
• The duties and responsibilities of Fire Wardens/Marshals.

What are the four stages of the evacuation procedure?

There are four stages of an evacuation:

• Tactical Evacuation. The emergency does not allow for any warnings to prepare to evacuate. …
• Evacuation Alert. People should be prepared to evacuate the area. …
• Evacuation Order. People have been ordered to evacuate the area. …
• Evacuation Rescind.

 What is the first rule of evacuation?

• Exit the premises through the nearest exit. Exit immediately, do not return for personal items. If possible, inform others of the evacuation and help others evacuate.

What are three steps you should follow in the event of an evacuation?

Evacuate

• Evacuate the buildings as instructed to do so by the emergency personnel.
• Walk quickly and calmly to the assembly area or as advised by the emergency personnel.
• Remain in the assembly area in groups.

 How should employees evacuate during an emergency?

• In all emergencies or drills, when the alarm sounds, all employees should immediately stop whatever they are doing and quickly, yet safely, exit the building using the nearest safe stairwell. All doors should be closed behind employees but not locked. Do not use elevators.

Who is the first priority in evacuation?

In almost all cases, evacuation’s top priority is moving those in immediate danger. In case of fire, chemical spill, or other localized danger, identifying those at the highest risk is easy because it is based on proximity.

What must you not do during an evacuation?

Don’t drink, eat, or smoke anything during an emergency from a chemical source or unknown explosion until you are out of harm’s way. Don’t go anywhere except to your designated meeting place after escaping from an emergency scene.

What is the standard procedure for emergency evacuation?

Call 999 immediately and provide information. Assist injured personnel or notify emergency responders of the medical emergency. Exit the building following emergency maps. Assist physically impaired individuals to a secure area and notify emergency responders.

Who is responsible for evacuation procedures?

The two entities (the building owner and the tenant) are required to coordinate and cooperate with each other, as far as is reasonably practicable, in relation to the fire safety and emergency evacuation of the building.

Who is in charge of an evacuation?

Floor Wardens are responsible for the safety of an area or floor in their facility. Ensuring the safety of an entire floor is an extremely important task, with a few key responsibilities: Ordering the evacuation of occupants on the floor if the emergency warrants it.

What Should Be Included in an Emergency Evacuation Plan?

• A clear chain of command (based on role/responsibility)
• Contact details of local emergency services and authorities.
• Emergency alert system for employees and visitors.
• The primary method of communication during the emergency

What code is called when an evacuation is required?

Code Green is called when there is a need to evacuate all or part of the facility to another area within or out of the facility together.

What are the four main items shown on an evacuation diagram?

At a minimum, evacuation diagrams should have — 1) A pictorial representation of the floor or area. 2) The title ‘Evacuation Diagram’ (or Fire Evacuation Plan in QLD). 3) The designated exits to the building should be noted in green. 4) Any fire equipment installed in the building.

How long should an evacuation take?

The duration of most fire drills is between five and 15 minutes. Drill times can vary from building to building, depending on many factors, such as speed of evacuation, building size and fire alarm system resetting.

Why is it important not to use lifts in an emergency?

Using a lift or an elevator during a fire can be extremely dangerous for a number of reasons.

Firstly, the lift shaft can act like a chimney, meaning the fire and smoke can quickly travel up and fill the lift shaft. If the lift is used during this time, people inside it could be trapped in a confined space with no escape and no air to breathe.

Secondly, the power supply to the lift may be affected by the fire, which means that it could stop working altogether. This could leave people trapped in the lift or cause the lift to stop suddenly between floors, which could be dangerous if people try to force the doors open or climb out.

Thirdly, if the lift is used to escape during a fire, there is a risk that it could become stuck between floors or break down. This could leave people stranded in a dangerous situation, with no way of escaping the fire.

For these reasons, it is always recommended that people use the stairs to evacuate a building during a fire, as this is the safest and most reliable escape route.

In an emergency, most lifts descend to ground level and shut down (in accordance with British Standard EN81-73: 2020; Behaviour of lifts in the event of a fire). On the other hand, certain types of passenger lifts can assist the fire and rescue service and evacuation in an emergency.

Evacuation strategies are plans developed to ensure people’s safe and orderly evacuation from a building or area during an emergency. Here’s an explanation of the evacuation strategies you mentioned:

1. Single Stage Evacuation: This strategy involves evacuating everyone from the building or area all at once. It is typically used when there is an immediate threat, such as a fire or bomb threat.
2. Staged Evacuation: In this strategy, people are evacuated from the building or area in stages, starting with the most vulnerable, such as those with mobility issues or those on higher floors. This strategy is often used in larger buildings or areas where a single-stage evacuation may not be feasible.
3. Simultaneous Evacuation: This strategy involves evacuating people from different parts of the building or area at the same time. This can help reduce the time it takes to evacuate everyone.
4. Phased Evacuation: This strategy is similar to staged evacuation, but it involves evacuating people in a predetermined sequence based on their location in the building or area. This can help to reduce congestion and ensure that everyone is evacuated safely.
5. Staff Alarm Only: This strategy is used when only staff members are present in the building or area. In this case, the staff members are responsible for alerting and evacuating themselves.
6. Stay Put Policy: This strategy is used when it may be safer for people to remain in the building or area rather than attempt to evacuate. This is often used in high-rise buildings, where the risk of injury or death during an evacuation may be greater than the risk of staying put.

What is the purpose of staged evacuation?

In high-rise buildings, staged evacuation is common. Staged evacuation has the advantage of directing only those who are in immediate danger to use the exit stairs. The fewer people on the stairs, the faster occupants can exit, resulting in shorter stairwell lines.

Most premises use a single-stage evacuation strategy, which is appropriate when a building’s residents and visitors are predominantly ‘independent,’ which they may be. It is expected that the vast majority of people in the building will be able to (and will) immediately evacuate.

Individuals must move laterally to a safer area, such as a different room, during a stage 2 evacuation. 

During a stage 3 evacuation, the entire floor is evacuated. Some emergency plans include stage four, a total building evacuation. However, this is frequently regarded as equivalent to stage one.

What does staggered evacuation mean?

It entails keeping residents on their current floor and moving them to a safer area for as long as possible before a total evacuation is required.

In some situations, a Scatter Strategy may be used when there is no predetermined congregation or assembly point for evacuees to gather after leaving a building or area. Instead of directing individuals to a specific location, they are encouraged to move away from the danger zone in multiple directions.

In these cases, individuals may be instructed to follow established evacuation routes or to move to safe areas that are pre-designated or that they identify based on their own judgment. For example, people may be advised to move to an adjacent building, a nearby park, or any other location that they feel is safe and away from danger.

It’s important for individuals to be aware of their surroundings and to stay alert for any further instructions or information from emergency responders or authorities. They should also try to remain calm and avoid creating any congestion or obstruction that could impede the evacuation process.

While a Scatter Strategy without a designated assembly point may be less organized than other types of evacuation plans, it can be an effective option in situations where there is limited time or resources available or where there is a need to avoid potential bottlenecks or congestion.

What is a fire safety logbook?

A fire safety log book is a document that contains a record of all fire safety-related information for a building or facility. It is an important tool for ensuring that fire safety measures are being implemented and maintained effectively.

A fire safety logbook is required for businesses and commercial properties with fire alarm systems installed. Regardless of the size of the fire alarm system, each premise must have a professional fire alarm logbook.

The logbook should include information such as fire risk assessments, fire drills, fire alarm tests, maintenance of fire safety equipment, and any changes to the building’s layout or usage that could affect fire safety. It should also include the names and contact details of key personnel responsible for fire safety.

Regular checks of alarm sounders, call points and emergency lighting should be recorded in the logbook daily, weekly or monthly, depending on the premise’s use.

Users of the log book should record their findings in a clear and concise manner, using the appropriate section of the log book. They should provide details of any actions taken, such as repairs or maintenance, and note any follow-up action that may be required.

It is important to ensure the log book is updated and easily accessible to relevant personnel, such as building managers, fire safety officers, and emergency services. Regular reviews of the log book should be undertaken to ensure that it accurately reflects the building’s fire safety status.

Where should fire log books be stored?

It is sensible to keep the log book locked up and close to the fire alarm panel so that it doesn’t get accidentally moved and is easily accessible for fire safety engineers and wardens.

Is it possible to have a digital fire log book?

A digital fire logbook is an electronic version of a paper-based fire logbook that records and stores information about fire safety user checks, maintenance, and emergency procedures.

Fire extinguisher regulations fall under the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 (RRO). As the legislation covers many areas, interpreting and understanding every detail can be difficulting. So we’ve compiled this handy guide outlining all you need to know about UK fire extinguisher regulations.

How many extinguishers should a business have?

Where there is a risk of fire, a fire extinguisher should be available for use. Generally, two class-A fire extinguishers are available in every storey of a building. A class A fire involves combustible materials like wood, paper, rubber, and plastics. Therefore, class A-rated extinguishers are suitable for extinguishing fires involves t combustible materials. 

Depending on the building size, your fire extinguishers can be 3-litre, 6-litre and 9-litre to meet regulations. For smaller premises, a single extinguisher will often be enough. The risk status of the building will also determine how many are required, as some buildings have a higher risk than others. 

Other fire extinguishers you may need:

Businesses are likely to need other forms of fire extinguishers on the premises. CO2 extinguishers are commonly required on business premises, as they are used to combat electrical fires. For example, you will need this on the premises if you manage offices.

Fire extinguisher regulations state that: 

• Any commercial building containing electrical equipment must include a CO2 fire extinguisher that is a minimum of 2 kilograms in size. 
• If equipment on site is rated at 415 volts or more, a 5kg CO2 fire extinguisher must be fitted to comply with regulations.

There are also dry powder extinguishers and wet chemical extinguishers that you may need depending on the usage of your premises. Dry powder extinguishers help to combat gas risks and should only be used in environments like boiler rooms. Wet chemical extinguishers are designed for use in kitchens.

Where should fire extinguishers be located? 

The legislation states that building occupants should only be within 30 metres from the nearest extinguisher. This is stated in the BS5306 of UK British Standards. CO2 and water-based extinguishers are always situated near fire points or fire exits. Depending on how big your building is will depend on how many you will need, as more points and exits require a more significant number of extinguishers. 

Other specialist extinguishers should always be located at an easy access point appropriate to the hazard. For example, you should have a wet chemical extinguisher in the kitchen area if there is a risk of fire present. 

Should my fire extinguishers be serviced? 

The law states that all fire extinguishers must be serviced to BS5306 standards. Therefore, an RRO-regulated company must conduct fire extinguisher servicing annually to comply with RRO regulations. Having this carried out by a trained professional is advisable so that all servicing is carried out with a thorough, safe approach. 

Engineers will examine the overall condition of the extinguisher to determine if the labelling is the correct pressure and weight, expiry dates and if the pin and seal are adequate. The engineer will then issue a report once the service has taken place to determine if they need replacement. 

You will also be required to perform a monthly check on the extinguisher to keep tabs on the condition, the pressure gauge and the pin and seal. If you need clarification, a trained engineer will advise you on the signs to look for during the servicing. 

Fire extinguisher signage:

All extinguishers must have clear signs with instructions for use. Coloured stickers should be marked clearly with the type of extinguisher. Businesses must ensure that all extinguishers are marked with signage, so staff know their location. Also, there must be adequate usage instructions attached to each extinguisher. 

What is the commissioning of fire extinguishers? 

Any fire extinguisher must be commissioned by a qualified engineer who carries out the appropriate safety checks and inspections so that an extinguisher is approved for use. In addition, fire extinguisher regulations state that extinguishers only comply with legislation once commissioned. 

Commissioning engineers will check for the following items: 

• the assembly of the extinguisher
• any damage to the extinguisher
• correct pressure and weight
• correctly attached horns and hoses

How do I evidence my RRO certification? 

During a health and safety visit, your business must provide certification or proof that all fire extinguishers are properly serviced. In addition, there are certain things to look out for when a visit occurs:

• Extinguishers will be labelled with a service label detailing the service date and when the next inspection is due.
• The service label will record the outcome of the inspection as either refilled, received an essential service or needs replacing (of which this should already have been carried out)
• You should have a copy or copies of the certificate as proof of your serviced extinguishers.
• The O-Ring on your fire extinguisher will have been replaced. 
• An anti-tamper tag should be in place to prevent the pin from being accidentally pulled out. However, if the extinguisher has a plastic pin, then this needs to be replaced annually.

How often should I replace my fire extinguishers? 

BS5306 legislation determines different timeframes for replacing extinguishers depending on the type. The recommendations for the different types of extinguishers are as follows: 

• Water or Powder extinguishers: Test by discharge once every five years and replace or refill them. 
• CO2 extinguishers: They are hydraulically tested every ten years or replaced. 

The Environment Agency warn against discharging water-based extinguishers down drains or onto open land, as this will cause environmental hazards. Instead, extinguishers should be replaced at the test point rather than the test discharge. Experts can then ecologically dispose of extinguishers. 

Current legislation advises replacing your fire extinguishers rather than refilling them. Therefore, the cost of replacement and refilling is similar. Extinguishers should be replaced immediately if they are discharged, unsafe or damaged. 

Changes for foam fire extinguishers are being phased out in Oct 2023

Are AFFF fire extinguishers banned?

Under the law, Class B firefighting foam (AFFF) and PFAS-containing PPE are banned for most purposes. PFAS (per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances) are a class of organic chemicals that pose significant environmental and health hazards

AFFF Alternatives

• Fluorine-Free Fire Fighting Foam. Fluorine-free foam is a synthetic-based foam that contains surfactant blends and polysaccharides.
• Dry Chemical Agents. A dry chemical fire suppression system uses a pressurised dry chemical powder to extinguish fires.
• C6 Firefighting Foam Concentrates
• When did they stop using AFFF?
• (MASS TORT NEWS) – The UK Government Accountability Office (GOA) confirmed that the Department of Defense (DOD) must legally phase out its use of the PFAS-based Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) by October of 2023

Choosing a suitable fire extinguisher could mean the difference between life and death. So, here’s a helpful guide to selecting the correct type and class of fire extinguisher for the situation, including fire classes, colour codes, and their uses.

No single extinguisher is capable of putting out every fire. Because each type of fire extinguisher is effective against a distinct set of fires, choosing the correct one can take time and effort. Portable fire extinguishers save lives and are helpful, which is good news. The number of fires successfully extinguished by portable devices increased from 80% in 2003 to 93% in 2021, according to a survey of companies from the four leading trade associations in the UK’s fire sector.

Examine the materials in the area to be protected from fire as the first step. These can be divided into six classes based on the substances involved:

• Class A: Fires are caused by carbon-based solids, such as paper, wood, and textiles.
• Class B: Fire is caused by flammable liquids, e.g. paraffin, petrol, diesel or oil (but not cooking oil)
• Class C: Fire is caused by flammable gases, e.g. butane, propane or methane.
• Class D: Fire is generated by burning metals, e.g. lithium, aluminium, or magnesium.
• Electrical equipment-related fires (indicated by an electric spark symbol and not the letter E)
• Class F: Fire caused by cooking oils & fats.

What is in a fire sprinkler system?

A fire sprinkler system is an automatic extinguishing system (AES) that stops fires from growing and spreading by releasing water through sprinkler heads connected to a piping system. The sprinkler heads release water when the air temperature reaches 165 degrees Fahrenheit.

How do fire sprinkler systems work?

Sprinklers are connected by a piping network typically concealed behind walls and ceilings. The sprinkler will activate due to the high temperature of an early-stage fire (135° to 165°F). Only the high heat causes the sprinkler to spray water (neither smoke nor a smoke alarm can activate a fire sprinkler).

What are the two main types of fire sprinkler systems?

3 Types of Fire Sprinkler Systems

• Wet Fire Sprinkler System: One of the most common options on the market is a wet fire sprinkler system. The sprinkler piping in this system is constantly filled with water. When the temperature at the ceiling rises sufficiently, a sprinkler’s glass bulb or fusible link will break. Because the system is already full of water, water can freely flow from that sprinkler head.
• Dry Fire Sprinkler System: In colder climates, dry pipe sprinkler systems use pressurised air or nitrogen instead of water to prevent frozen and burst sprinkler pipes. Water cannot enter the sprinkler pipes because they are pressurised with air.
• Preaction Fire Sprinkler System: Pre-Action sprinkler systems combine all of the advantages of a standard sprinkler system with the added benefit of protecting against accidental water damage. These systems are a more environmentally friendly alternative to gas suppression systems. Data and computer suites are common applications.

How long do fire sprinklers stay on?

The pump and tank of residential fire sprinklers are set to operate for 10 minutes. If a municipal water main supplies, a residential fire sprinkler system typically operates until the isolator – manual stop value is turned off.

System Components

1. Shut-Off Valve—The only valve that can turn off the water to your sprinkler system is the main water metre shutoff outside of your home.
2. Riser—Commonly found in the garage, it should be labelled as such.
3. Gauge—Found with the riser, it records the static pressure of the system

Does the law require sprinklers in the UK?

Residential fire sprinkler systems are now required to be installed in all newly constructed homes, making this law significantly more protective and technologically advanced than any other law in the UK.

What’s the difference between a wet and dry fire sprinkler system?

Wet vs Dry Pipe Sprinkler Systems

The pipes in a wet system are filled with pressurised water. When a fire breaks out, the system immediately releases water to extinguish it. Dry systems, on the other hand, are filled with pressurised nitrogen or air, which keeps water at a riser.

A wet riser system is a type of firefighting system designed to provide a reliable and immediate water supply for firefighting purposes in high-rise buildings or other large structures. The wet riser system is a network of pipes, valves, and outlets that are connected to a reliable source of water supply, typically from a dedicated water tank or a public water supply system.

In a wet riser system, the network of pipes is pressurized with water to ensure that the water is readily available and can be delivered to any point in the building. The system is called a “wet” system because the pipes are always filled with water, which is maintained at a constant pressure to ensure it is available for immediate use.

The wet riser system typically consists of a water supply tank, a pump, a network of pipes, and fire hydrants or hose outlets located on each floor or at strategic points throughout the building. The pump maintains the water pressure in the system, while the hydrants or hose outlets deliver water to the point of the fire.

The wet riser system can be activated during a fire by opening the appropriate valve at the fire hydrant or hose outlet. This will release the pressurized water into the hose, which can then be used by firefighters to extinguish the fire.

The wet riser system is a highly effective fire fighting system for high-rise buildings, as it provides a reliable and immediate water supply to any point in the building. However, it is important to ensure the system is properly maintained and tested regularly to ensure it is in good working order in case of a fire.

A dry riser system is an empty pipe that runs inside a building and can be connected to and used by firefighters as a pressurised water system.

Where are dry risers required?

Dry risers should be used in buildings with floors 11 to 50 metres above ground level. This is roughly equivalent to buildings with 3 to 17 storeys, an operating pressure of 12 bar, and a horizontal connecting pipe run of up to 18 metres.

What is the British standard for a dry riser?

The British Standard for designing, installing, testing, and maintaining Wet and Dry Risers is BS9990 Non-automatic firefighting systems in buildings Code of practice.

How tall does a dry riser need to be in the UK?

Dry risers in residential buildings must be contained within a fire-resistant shaft. Dry risers are required by UK regulations for buildings taller than 18m but less than 60m. This translates to approximately six stories and higher, but less than 17.

Do Dry Risers need servicing?

Dry Risers’ Servicing Requirements

Dry riser maintenance frequency: Dry risers must be visually checked every six months, and a water test to 12 bar for 15 minutes is required every 12 months.

What is the difference between a wet riser and a dry riser?

Dry riser: a system of valves and pipework that allows the fire department to pump water up to the upper floors of a building.

Wet riser: a system of valves and pipe work that is constantly charged with water, typically using pumps and tanks

What is the British standard for fire curtains?

Fire curtains are tested to BS EN 16034-1 and manufactured in conjunction with EN 13241-1 & EN 13501-2 and are classified as a machine, requiring CE identification.

Where are fire curtains used?

Fire curtains are frequently installed in corridors, doorways, building lobbies, elevator lift openings, and other areas where people may travel during an evacuation.

How is a fire curtain activated?

Until an alarm, detector signal, or manual switch is activated, smoke curtains remain invisibly retracted. When triggered, they safely descend to their operational position.

What is the difference between a smoke curtain and a fire curtain?

Smoke Curtains do not descend to the ground (ceiling to floor). They are usually placed above head height to avoid interfering with the means of escape. On the other hand, a fire curtain separates two spaces from the fire.

What are the two types of smoke curtains?

Smoke Curtain Styles and Applications

• Elevator smoke curtains: Provide a complete seal to prevent smoke from travelling up the elevator shaft and into other building floors, limiting the smoke produced by a structure fire to a single story and potentially saving lives. Fire curtains also restrict airflow to the fire, robbing it of oxygen.
• Vertical smoke curtains are typically used to close off gaps between standard doorways and larger atriums.

How often should fire curtains be tested?

To ensure that fire curtains are in working order, they must be serviced every six (6) months. Risk assessments must be performed to identify and eliminate all fire hazards, including door checks.

What is the difference between active and passive fire systems?

Active fire protection entails detecting and putting out a fire, whereas passive fire protection entails containing a fire to keep it from spreading further. Both active and passive fire systems must work together to have a successful fire safety system.

What are the fire safety regulations for commercial kitchens in the United Kingdom?

Fire Safety (Fire Safety Regulatory Reform Order 2005)

Cooking appliances must always be secured and supervised, and deep fat fryers must have a metal lid. The kitchen must also have adequate fire-fighting equipment, such as a chemical extinguisher and a fire blanket. These should all be maintained and serviced every twelve months.

Is a fire door required in a commercial kitchen?

Generally, a fire door is required wherever people need to move through your building. Still, passive fire protection must be maintained to prevent fire and smoke from spreading from different compartmentation zones.

Is a fire extinguisher required in a commercial kitchen?

It is critical to have a commercial kitchen fire extinguisher. Furthermore, it is strongly advised the use of domestic kitchen fire extinguishers. Commercial establishments should have two fire extinguishers in their kitchen. An extinguisher capable of fighting Class F fires and another capable of fighting Class A, B, and C fires.

What are the most common Fire Hazards in Commercial Kitchens?

1. The use of heated oils/fats & the risk of overheating
2. Grease
3. Electrical Wiring
4. Clutter and storage boxes
5. Open Flames
6. Clothing
7. Lack of Commercial Kitchen Fire Protection Equipment, e.g. Fire Blankets

Is having an extractor fan in a commercial kitchen a legal requirement?

Every commercial kitchen is required by law to have effective extraction. You must also maintain and clean this system on a regular basis. Chefs and outside experts should do this to reduce the likelihood of fires starting.

What ventilation is required in a commercial kitchen?

While larger kitchens will almost certainly necessitate a mechanical extraction system with a fan and a filter, ventilation in smaller kitchens may be as simple as air supplied through ventilation grills in windows, walls, or doors.

What is mechanical ventilation in commercial kitchens?

Mechanical ventilation from a range hood or vent eliminates or reduces issues by removing stale, odorous, oily, and steamy air through ducts. Choices range from basic ductless wall-mounted units to more versatile systems with multiple lights, timers, and easy-to-clean surfaces.

A fire blanket is a safety device designed to extinguish small fires, particularly those that occur in hot work areas such as kitchens, welding or cutting workshops. It is made of fire-resistant materials, such as fibreglass or wool, and is typically stored in a red or white container that is easily accessible in case of an emergency.

Fire blankets are used to smother flames by cutting off the oxygen supply to the fire. When a fire blanket is thrown over a small fire, it creates a seal that helps to starve the fire of oxygen, thus extinguishing the flames.

Fire blankets are an important safety measure in hot work areas because they can be used quickly and effectively to suppress fires that may start due to sparks or heat generated by welding, grinding, or cutting. Fire blankets are especially useful in hot work areas where traditional fire extinguishers may not be as effective due to the presence of flammable materials and limited access.

It is important to note that fire blankets should only be used on small fires, not on larger ones or fires that have already spread. In such cases, evacuating the area and calling emergency services immediately is important

.

What is fire resistance between floor levels?

Fire resistance between floor levels refers to the ability of a building’s floor system to withstand the effects of fire and prevent it from spreading to other levels of the building. Fire resistance is important in preventing a fire from quickly spreading throughout a building, which could cause significant damage and put occupants’ lives at risk.

Several factors contribute to fire resistance between floor levels, including the materials used in the floor construction and the design of the building’s fire protection systems. In general, buildings are designed to meet certain fire safety standards, which dictate the minimum level of fire resistance required for different building components.

One key factor in fire resistance between floor levels is the use of fire-rated floors. These floors have been constructed using materials specifically designed to withstand the effects of fire for a certain period of time. Fire-rated floors are typically made from materials such as concrete, steel, or timber that have been treated with fire-retardant coatings.

Another important factor in fire resistance between floor levels is the design of the building’s fire protection systems, such as sprinklers, smoke detectors, and fire alarms. These systems are designed to detect and suppress fires before spreading to other building parts.

In addition to these factors, fire resistance between floor levels depends on the building’s ventilation and smoke control systems. These systems are designed to prevent the spread of smoke and toxic gases throughout the building, which can be just as dangerous as the fire itself.

Overall, fire resistance between floor levels is important in building design and construction. By using fire-rated floors, installing effective fire protection systems, and designing appropriate ventilation and smoke control systems, buildings can be made safer and more resistant to the effects of fire.

Furthermore, fire resistance between floor levels can be enhanced by implementing appropriate fire safety measures and protocols. For example, ensuring that fire exits are clearly marked and accessible, training occupants on how to respond in the event of a fire, and regularly testing and maintaining fire protection systems can help prevent fires from spreading between floors.

It’s also worth noting that building regulations and fire safety standards may vary depending on the country or region. In the UK, for example, the Building Regulations require that floors and floor coverings have a minimum fire resistance of 30 minutes. However, in some cases, higher levels of fire resistance may be required depending on the building’s intended use or occupancy.

Ultimately, ensuring adequate fire resistance between floor levels is crucial for protecting the safety of building occupants and minimising the potential damage and destruction caused by fire. By incorporating fire-resistant materials and systems into building design, implementing effective fire safety measures, and complying with relevant regulations and standards, building owners and managers can help reduce fire risk and keep occupants safe in an emergency.

Understair fire protection refers to measures taken to prevent or minimise fire spread within the space underneath a staircase. This space can serve as a chimney, allowing fire and smoke to spread through a building rapidly. Several methods can be used to protect against this, including installing fire-resistant materials such as plasterboard, insulation, or intumescent paint. It is also important to ensure that any gaps or openings are properly sealed to prevent the spread of fire. 

Additionally, some types of building codes may require the installation of fire doors or a sprinkler system for added protection. Ultimately, consulting with a qualified fire protection expert is critical to determine the most effective strategies for protecting your home or building against fire.

What is a fire-protected stairway?

A fire-protected stairway is a type of staircase that is designed and constructed to resist the spread of fire and smoke in a building. It is an important feature of building design and is required by building codes in many jurisdictions.

Fire-protected stairways are typically enclosed within fire-resistant walls or partitions that extend from the floor of the lowest level to the ceiling of the highest level of the building. The walls and partitions must be constructed of fire-resistant materials, such as concrete or masonry, and must be designed to prevent the spread of fire and smoke from one floor to another.

The stairway must also be constructed of fire-resistant materials, such as steel or concrete, and must be designed to withstand the effects of fire and extreme heat. In addition, fire-protected stairways must be equipped with fire-rated doors that provide a barrier to the spread of fire and smoke between the stairway and adjacent areas of the building.

Other features of fire-protected stairways may include fire-rated glazings, fire-rated penetrations, and fire suppression systems, such as sprinklers or fire extinguishers. These features provide an effective means of escape for building occupants in the event of a fire while minimizing the risk of injury or loss of life.

As defined in Approved Document B, a protected stairway leads to a final exit to a place of safety and is adequately enclosed with fire-resistant construction. Any exit passageway between the bottom of the stairwell and the final exit is included in the definition.

Fire doors are required by law in almost all commercial buildings, most accommodation premises (including blocks of flats, sheltered accommodation, houses of multiple occupancies, and so on), and even some larger owner-occupied houses.

What are the minimum requirements for fire door inspections?

The minimum requirement is that the responsible person inspects the doors to identify any obvious damage or issues.

A responsible person should consider the following:

• If a door’s glazing apertures or air transfer grille have been altered or damaged.
• If gaps are around the door frame and the seals and hinges are properly installed.
• The door closer closes the door.
• That the door closes properly around the entire frame.
• That there is no visible damage to the door or door closer (either intentional or from wear and tear)
• If any issues are discovered during these checks, it may be necessary to conduct more detailed inspections of the doors (or the self-closing device) if any damage is discovered during the initial inspection. This could entail hiring a specialist.

What are the legal specifications for a fire door?

Examine the certification of your door for British Standard (BS) Parts 22 and 31 or BS EN 1154. Check for combined smoke and fire seals around the door. Check that the handles are properly closed and that the door closes into the frame. Check that the seals and other components, such as letter boxes, are fire-resistant.

What are the specifications for an FD30 fire door?

According to Building Regulations, the front door to a flat must be FD30S. This means that the door must be fire and smoke resistant for 30 minutes, where FD = Fire Door and 30 = relates to the minutes of fire resistance, and S denotes that the door is also smoke sealed. Higher fire ratings are sometimes required to help protect property or assets and people. FD60 fire doors, for example, can withstand fire for 60 minutes.

The most commonly used are FD30 fire doors. These 45mm thick doors are typically installed in low-rise residential buildings and offices where a quick evacuation is possible. FD60 doors are 54mm thick and installed in commercial or high-rise residential buildings that take longer to evacuate fully.

Does the law require fire doors for landlords?

Landlords are only required to install fire doors if their property is classified as a House of Multiple Occupancy (HMO). Many occupants increase the likelihood of accidents and, in some cases, deliberate or malicious damage.

What are fire door regulations for businesses?

Fire exit doors must open in the direction of escape, and sliding or revolving doors are not permitted for emergency exits. Fire exit doors must not be locked or fastened so that they cannot be easily and quickly opened in an emergency by anyone.

What information should the responsible persons provide to residents?

Residents should be informed about the importance of keeping doors closed, ensuring that doors and self-closing devices are not tampered with, and reporting any faults or damage to doors immediately.

This information will be provided to residents when they move into a multi-occupied residential building, as well as on an annual basis.

One often overlooked area is electrical cupboards, which can pose a significant fire risk if not managed correctly. Here we explore the importance of fire safety in electrical cupboards in the UK and provide some tips on how to ensure they are adequately protected.

Firstly, it is important to understand the potential hazards that can arise from electrical cupboards. Electrical cupboards contain a variety of electrical components, including wires, fuses, and switches. If any of these components are damaged or faulty, they can overheat and cause a fire. Additionally, if the cupboard is not adequately ventilated, the heat generated by these components can build up and create a fire hazard. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that electrical cupboards are properly maintained and that any faults are identified and rectified promptly.

One way to minimise the risk of fire in electrical cupboards is to install a fire suppression system. These systems detect and extinguish fires using various techniques, including water mist, foam, or gas. Installing a fire suppression system in an electrical cupboard can help to quickly extinguish any fires that may occur, preventing them from spreading and causing further damage.

Another important consideration when it comes to fire safety in electrical cupboards is the use of fire-resistant materials. When designing or refurbishing an electrical cupboard, it is essential to use materials that are resistant to fire. For example, using fire-resistant cables, insulation, and doors can help to prevent fires from spreading within the cupboard and minimise the risk of damage to adjacent areas.

Regular maintenance and inspections are also essential to ensure that electrical cupboards are in good working order and free from any potential hazards. A qualified electrician should inspect the cupboard at regular intervals to check for any signs of damage or wear and tear. Any damaged components should be replaced immediately to prevent the risk of fire.

It is also essential to ensure that electrical cupboards are adequately ventilated. Poor ventilation can lead to the build-up of heat, which can create a fire hazard. Installing ventilation fans or ensuring that the cupboard is in a well-ventilated area can help prevent this.

In conclusion, fire safety in electrical cupboards is a crucial consideration for any building in the United Kingdom. By following the tips outlined above, building owners and managers can help minimise the fire risk and protect their property, employees, and customers. Regular maintenance and inspections, using fire-resistant materials, installing fire suppression systems, and ensuring adequate ventilation are all essential steps to ensure fire safety in electrical cupboards.

How often are landlords required to conduct PAT testing?

Portable Appliance Testing (PAT) is considered the best practice for landlords, but it is not a legal requirement.

As a landlord, you are required by law to provide safe electrical appliances at all times, and the majority of landlords comply with this obligation by conducting PAT testing annually.

Can I perform PAT testing without training?

Legally, no specific qualifications are required to administer a PAT test. It is expected, however, that anyone conducting this type of testing will have completed a course taught by a qualified instructor.

PAT Testing for Businesses

Does the law require PAT testing for businesses?

No. The law simply requires employers to maintain their electrical equipment to prevent accidents. It does not specify how or how often this should be performed. Employers should take a risk-based approach, taking into account the type of equipment and its purpose.

What is the recommended frequency for business PAT testing?

For businesses, It is recommended that PAT testing should be performed at least once per year. Tested devices will have a label with the test date, which can be used to determine when the last test was and when the next test is scheduled.

PAT Testing for Construction Sites

Is PAT testing a legal requirement on construction sites?

No. The law simply requires employers to maintain their electrical equipment to prevent accidents. It does not specify how or how often this should be performed. Employers should take a risk-based approach, taking into account the type of equipment and its purpose.

What is the recommended frequency for construction site PAT Testing?

Every six to twelve months, depending on the environment and working conditions.

A formal visual inspection is advised every six months, and a formal PAT test and inspection is advised every six to twelve months.

EICR tests provide landlords with the information necessary to improve a property. In addition, they are necessary to approve a property’s electrical safety certificate, which must be presented to tenants and local authorities as evidence that a property is electrically safe.

Why should landlords obtain an EICR?

Landlords must obtain a report (typically an Electrical Installation Condition Report or EICR) from the person conducting the inspection and test that details the inspection’s results and any necessary investigation and repair work.

Is there a penalty for not having an EICR?

Landlords who fail to conduct an EICR (and any recommended repairs) before starting a new tenancy will be fined up to £30,000. According to the Housing Act of 2004, local governments enforce these regulations.

How frequently must an EICR be performed on a rented property?

Every five years or at the change of tenancy.

If you own an HMO or are a landlord in England, Wales or Scotland, you are required by law to obtain an EICR every five years. (This rule was applied to Wales in December 2022.)

Can tenants move in without EICR?

If your tenant moves in and your electrics are still unsafe, they may be at risk of injury, and you (the landlord) will be liable for any resulting damages. If your property lacks an EICR and you’re renting it out for the first time, you should schedule your EICR well in advance of the tenancy start date.

EICR for business

As a business, it is essential to acquire periodic reviews (an EICR certificate) of the health and integrity of the electrical systems in your building. An EICR enables preventative maintenance to be performed prior to the escalation of problems.

Do businesses legally require an EICR?

Unlike EICR inspections for residential landlords, EICRs are not required for commercial buildings. However, an electrical certificate can demonstrate that a building’s electrical installation is safe and compliant with regulations such as the Health and Safety at Work Act.

Who can issue EICR certificates?

Only licenced electricians should perform EICRs. This ensures they can comprehend the necessary periodic codes for an EICR. An EICR provides assurance that the electrical system in your property is safe and operating correctly, as well as compliant with the applicable regulations.

What is a Gas Safe test?

A Gas Safe registered professional inspect your gas appliance as part of a gas safety certificate or check. They will verify the appliance’s functionality by inspecting whether gas appliances are correctly adjusted and burning with the correct operating pressure.

Is a gas safety test a legal requirement for landlords?

Yes. The Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations stipulate that landlords must only hire a Gas Safe-registered engineer for maintenance and safety inspections of gas equipment they own and provide to tenants for use in residential properties.

What are the consequences of not having a gas safety inspection and certificate? 

The violation of Gas Safety Regulations is a serious crime. The inability to provide a gas safety record is a criminal offence punishable by unlimited fines and/or six months in prison for landlords.

Can a plumber do a gas safety check?

No, the checks must be done by a Gas Safe registered engineer.

How long is a certificate of gas safety valid?

Twelve months

The gas safety certificate CP12 is only valid for 12 months from the issue date, so it is imperative to verify the expiry date. The certification is only valid after all tests have been passed. All landlords must renew expired certifications immediately and annually thereafter.

What does a gas safety inspection entail?

The Gas Safe engineer will inspect all gas appliances and systems, including the stove, oven, water heater, and radiators.

Do tenants require a copy of the gas safety certificate annually?

The law requires landlords to conduct an annual gas safety inspection and provide tenants with a copy of the inspection report.

What happens if a tenant refuses gas safety inspection access?

If the tenant refuses access when you have a valid reason to request entry, they may be in violation of the terms of their lease. However, you cannot let yourself and the gas engineer in without the tenant’s permission.

Carbon monoxide is an odourless, tasteless, colourless, non-irritating gas produced as a by-product of incomplete combustion of fuels due to a lack of oxygen. When sufficient oxygen is present, complete combustion occurs, resulting in the production of carbon dioxide.

What are the symptoms of carbon monoxide?

Headache, vertigo, weakness, upset stomach, vomiting, chest pain, and confusion are the most common examples of CO poisoning.

What are the top causes of carbon monoxide poisoning?

Gas ranges, clay ovens, heaters that run on gas or paraffin, wood, gas, and coal fires.

How can you determine if carbon monoxide is present in your building?

A carbon monoxide detector is the simplest way to determine if carbon monoxide is present inside the premises. In fact, many building codes mandate the installation of carbon monoxide detectors.

Should a landlord supply a carbon monoxide detector?

Every privately rented dwelling must be equipped with smoke and carbon monoxide detectors. The regulations were expanded to include social housing on October 1, 2022. The regulations mandate that landlords ensure alarms are installed and that each required alarm is properly working on the first day of a new tenancy. Landlords should ensure that smoke and carbon monoxide alarms are installed properly to protect tenants from their dangers.

Where should a carbon monoxide detector be installed in the UK?

Carbon monoxide detectors should be installed in every room with a fuel-burning appliance. They must be at least 300 mm away from any walls (for ceiling-mounted alarms) and at least 150 mm above the height of any door or window from the ceiling (for wall-mounted alarms)

Where should a carbon monoxide detector not be installed?

Additional carbon monoxide detectors on each level and in each bedroom of a home provide additional protection against carbon monoxide poisoning. Carbon monoxide detectors should not be installed directly above or beside fuel-burning appliances, as these appliances may emit a small amount of carbon monoxide when turned on.

What are the four main types of fire alarm systems?

The four types of fire detectors are heat detectors, optical (ionisation), photoelectric detectors, and ionisation/photoelectric detectors. The difference between these is how they detect fires, with heat-detecting fires based on temperature and the other three detecting fires based on smoke. The best detector is an ionisation/photoelectric combination.

What are the three types of fire alarm systems?

The following are the different types of Fire Alarm Systems:

• Conventional fire alarm system.
• Addressable fire alarm system.
• Wireless fire alarm system

What are L1, L2 and L3 fire alarm systems?

The fire alarm categories include:

• Category M – Manual fire alarm system.
• Category L1 – Maximum life protection automated fire alarm system.
• Category L2 – Additional life protection automated fire alarm system.
• Category L3 – Standard life protection automated fire alarm system.

What is the difference between L1 and L2 fire alarm systems?

L1 mandates the installation of Automatic Fire Detection (AFD) in all building areas. L2 includes AFD (Automatic Fire Detection) as defined in L3 and high-risk or hazardous areas.

What’s the difference between LD1 and LD2?

The categories for life safety are LD1, LD2 and LD3.

LD3 requires detection along escape routes (typically stairs and lobbies), LD2 requires detection in high-risk areas (typically kitchens and lounges), and LD1 requires detection throughout the building.

What is a T3 fire alarm?

T3 alarms (three intermittent beeps followed by a period of silence) are common in newer smoke detectors, while T4 alarms are common in carbon monoxide detectors (four intermittent beeps followed by a period of silence). Some alarm models emit T3 and T4 signals that are compatible, e.g. The Kidde i9050.

What is the British standard for fire alarms?

BS 5839-6 sets out the latest recommendations for fire detection and fire alarm systems in both new and existing domestic premises to make them safer. 

How many fire alarms do I need for a 3-bedroom house?

If you live in a three-bedroom, two-story home, you’ll need three smoke and one heat alarm. Carbon monoxide detectors may also be required.

Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Alarm

The Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Alarm (Amendment) Regulations 2022 took effect on October 1, 2022. From that date forward, all relevant landlords must install at least one smoke alarm on each storey of their homes with a room used as living accommodation.

What is the legal requirement for smoke alarms?

There should be at least one smoke alarm in the main habitable room (commonly the living room). Every circulation space on each storey should have at least one smoke alarm (i.e. hallways and landings). Every access room that serves as an inner room must have at least one smoke alarm. Every kitchen should have at least one heat alarm.

2023 Fire Alarms. BS 5839-1:2017 and BS 5839-6:2019+A1:2020 are the appropriate British Standards for installing a fire alarm in non-domestic premises and the design, installation, and maintenance of fire detection and fire alarm systems in dwellings, respectively.

What is the legal requirement for emergency light testing?

All businesses are required by law to have emergency lighting, which must be tested monthly and fully tested once a year. This is done to ensure that all corridors, emergency exits, and routes are well-lit and easy to navigate in the event of an emergency.

What is a 3-hour emergency light test?

Because the minimum permitted duration of an emergency escape lighting system is one hour, your annual emergency lighting test will ensure that all of your lights turn on and stay on for at least 60 minutes and up to three hours, depending on the type of batteries you use.

What are the British standards for emergency lighting testing?

The most recent British Standard recommends a 3-hour emergency lighting test once a year, during which your main light circuit should be turned off and your emergency lights left on for 3 hours to determine whether any batteries need to be replaced.

How often does emergency lighting need to be tested in the UK?

All emergency lighting systems should be tested at least once a month. This brief functional test is based on BS EN 50172:2004 / BS 5266-8:2004. The test duration should be sufficient to ensure the luminaire functions properly while minimising damage to system components such as lamps and batteries.

Can an electrician test emergency lighting?

Emergency lighting tests must be performed by a professional. As with other electrical systems, attempting any inspection or work is dangerous and damaging. Instead, you’ll require the services of a fully qualified and experienced electrician.

What is the British standard for emergency lighting maintenance?

BS 5266-1 is a code of practice that provides detailed guidance on using and applying emergency lighting. Fire retardant (850°C hot wire tested) emergency lighting luminaires used on escape routes are required.

What are the current emergency lighting regulations?

Emergency Lighting Requirements:

Emergency exits require an emergency exit luminaire above the door and emergency exit signage. There should also be lighting for every change in direction that leads to an escape door.

Do you need a certificate for emergency lighting?

Certificates are required following an emergency light testing and inspection at your property. In the United Kingdom, emergency light testing is mandated by law for health and safety reasons; emergency light certificates must be kept in a secure location as proof of compliance.

Do emergency lights need a test switch?

BS5266-1 states that emergency lighting should be tested as follows: Your emergency lighting should be checked monthly and annually. You must turn off the emergency lighting unit’s main power supply once a month. A separate switch with a ‘fish key’ is frequently installed to allow testing of emergency lights without turning off all power.

Is emergency lighting a legal requirement for HSE?

Non-domestic buildings are required by law to be safe at all times, even if the power goes out. As a result, nearly all such structures must have emergency lighting installed.

Who is responsible for emergency lighting?

A ‘Responsible Person’ has control, or a degree of control, over premises and fire-safety systems within premises and is responsible for emergency lighting. A ‘person’ in English law can be either an individual or an entity such as a limited company.

Maintenance Schedule

• Ensure emergency lighting is in its designated place.
• Inspect housing for physical damage.
• Conduct a push test switch for 30 seconds.
• Verify lamps are illuminated and aimed in the correct direction.
• Maintain monthly log for inspection by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ)

What is an emergency lighting certificate?

An Emergency Lighting Certificate is documented proof of compliance.

How are emergency lights powered?

Emergency lighting is connected to the building’s power supply to allow for continuous charging of internal batteries, which provide backup power for the lighting. This ensures that lights remain on during a power outage, allowing occupants to easily locate exits in the event that they need to evacuate the building.

Emergency Lighting | Em Lights | EML

What is an AOV smoke vent?

AOV is an acronym that stands for “Automatic Opening Vent”. An AOV system is a control system designed to vent air or smoke for use in natural & smoke ventilation.

What is the purpose of an AOV system?

AOV control systems are primarily used to regulate smoke ventilation in a fire. Building codes were changed due to the findings of smoke inhalation studies.

An AOV control system will open actuators, windows, or vents to create ventilation when a detector or call point is triggered. This clears smoke for people leaving the building and vents smoke out of the triggered area. 

What is the British standard for AOV maintenance?

Your building’s occupants’ safety depends on regular maintenance of the Automatic Opening Ventilation (A.O.V.) system. To comply with BS7346, BS5588, and EN12101, this must be serviced and maintained at least once a year.

Should the AOV be connected to the fire alarm system?

If the opening is manual, an AOV actuator that can be triggered to open or close must be added. Smoke detectors may already be installed if a fire system is in place. In this case, you can connect an AOV single zone to your fire system, which will alert you if smoke is detected in that area.

How frequently should an AOV be maintained?

Once yearly.

To meet the requirements of the RRO and BS: 7346-8, AOVs must be serviced at least once a year by a qualified individual. In addition, they should be tested weekly, monthly, and every six months.

Examples of AOV Systems:

Example 1:

You have one roof vent or window which must open when the fire alarm is triggered.

You only have one zone in this situation. You must first observe how the roof vent or window works. If you want to open it manually, you must add an AOV actuator that can be triggered to open or close. Smoke detectors may already be installed if a fire system is in place. In this case, you can connect an AOV single zone to your fire system, which will alert you if smoke is detected in that area. When triggered, the AOV actuator opens; when reset, it closes. VCS yellow call points can be added for system testing or override. (If there is no fire system, a detector can be installed to activate the system.)

Example 2:

You have four floors, each with a window and a roof vent for a shaft.

In this case, you would have five zones. In this case, you’d use an AOV multi-zone panel to open and close each zone independently. Under these conditions, the vent may open along with any triggered zones. (A roof vent is located on a smoke shaft or stairwell. Combined with a window, it creates a chimney effect, clearing smoke.)

In this case, you can configure the AOV multi-zone with zone 1 as the “master”. A simple solution that will then trigger zone 1 together with any of the zones 2 – 5.

To trigger the AOV multi-zone system, you need to add an actuator to each window/vent and connect to your existing fire system or add VCS call points and smoke detectors to the AOV multi-zone system.